Malaysia Is A Fast Developing Country Environmental Sciences Essay

Malaysia Is A Fast Developing Country Environmental Sciences auditionMalaysia is a fast developing country that its change from an agro-based to an industrial nation, has conduct to an increase in the population. Malaysias population increased rapidly from 6 278 800 in 1957 to an estimated 29,179,952 in July 2012. Thus, the amount of hard be adrifts gene set outd in Malaysia besides increases rapidly. Statistic shows that on average, to severally one Malaysian produces 0.8 kg to 1.2 kg of wastes per day (The Star, 2009). About 23,000 tonnes of wastes are produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the course of study 2020 (Global Environmental Centre, 2008). The amount of wastes generated continues to increase due to the increasing population and development. line StatementThere are unalike alternatives to reduce, brood and dispose the comforting wastes. However, landfill is still the just about common practice for solid wa ste management. hearty landfill for solid waste management is defined as an engineered method of disposing of solid wastes on land by spreading them in thin layers, compacting them to the smallest practical(a) volume, and covering them with soil each working day in a manner that protects the environment (Brunner and Keller, 1972).There are 230 official dumping sites in Malaysia, the majority of which are crude landfills, with only 10% providing leachate discussion ponds and go down on ventilation systems and with just about having no construe mechanism and supervision. However, the landfill method causes genesis of leachate (Galbrand, 2003). Leachate is defined as a liquid that has percolated through solid waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials (EEA, 2005). Leachate occurrence is by far the most significant threat to commonwealth pissing. Once it reaches the bottom of the landfill or an retentive layer within the landfill, leachate either travels laterall y to a point where it discharges to the grounds move up as a seep, or it will resettlement through the base of the landfill and into the sub resurrect formations (El-Fadel et al., 1997). Depending upon the nature of these formations and in the absence of a leachate collection system, leachate has reportedly been associated with the contamination of aquifers underlying landfills which resulted in extensive investigations for the bygone four decades (Albaiges et al., 1986 Mann and Schmadeke, 1986). Leachate contains mettlesome concentration of organic matter, inorganic matter (sodium chloride and carbonate salt) and heavy metal (Trebouet et al., 2001). Organic matter in leachate results in degeneracy by microorganisms and causes oxygen depletion in surface water bodies (Schwartz, 2005). This favours anaerobic conditions which are detrimental to the aquatic life. The anaerobic micro flora is responsible for septic runes which are characterized by the production of different type s of toxic and noxious compounds (ammonia, enthalpy sulfide and phosphine) as final products of the organic matter degradation. Oxygen wish and toxic substance from anaerobic metabolism cause fish last and impairment of aquatic life. Therefore, since leachate can affect aquatic ecosystems and human health, suitable leachate treatment is needed before leachate is discharged into receiving water (Paredes, 2003).Nutrients such(prenominal) as process, ammonia and phosphate (along with co-contaminants such as pathogens, chemical substances, and animal pharmaceuticals) are also found in leachate. High takes of treat, phosphate and ammonia in our lakes, rivers, streams, and drunkenness water sources cause the degradation of these water bodies and harm fish, wildlife, and human health. For example, at levels above 10 mg/L maximum contaminant level (MCL) in ground water, nitrates can cause human health effects, such as blue baby syndrome to pregnant woman.The current conventional leac hate treatment systems are physical-chemical treatment, recirculation of leachate through landfill and biological treatment (El-Gendy, 2003). Physical-chemical treatment includes chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, ion exchange and reverse osmosis, activated carbon adsorption and ammonia denudation (Ehrig, 1989). Precipitation in physical-chemical treatment is based on the addition of any chemicals to reassign suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia and metal. The physical-chemical treatment processes can produce uplifted quality effluents, adapt to wide variations in liquefy and chemical stem and have the ability to take out toxic substances from leachate (Shams-Khorzani et al., 1994). However, these treatment systems are arduous to operate and require utmostly skilled labor besides high capital and operating costs. Some of these processes even require extensive pretreatment process (Britz, 1995). As a conclusion, the conventional treatment systems are effe ctive in treating leachate. However, they require highly skilled labour and involve both high capital and operating cost. Therefore, constructed wetland was developed as an alternative to treat leachate in this look since constructed wetland has low cost of construction and maintenance (El-Gendy, 2003). The type of wetland use in this study is a feature system of subsurface flow (SS) and free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland.1.3 ObjectivesThe main objectives of this study areTo go steady the nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and ammonia) removal from landfill leachate using combined subsurface and free water surface flow in constructed wetland between planted and control (without plant) system.To tally the nutrients removal in different hydraulic effect rate (HLR).To correspond the percentage removal between subsurface (SS) and free water surface (FWS) in both planted and control system.To determine the uptake of nutrients by plants, Limnocharis flava in the subsurface (SS) and genus genus Eichhornia crassipes in free water surface (FWS).1.4 Scope of StudyThe scope of this study is leachate treatment by shot up of lab-scaled wetland. The leachate was collected from landfill in Padang Siding and initial concentration of phosphate, nitrate and ammonia were analysed. Then, experiments were conducted with 25% leachate concentration diluted with water in a 60 L container being treated in two different planted and control reactors. Initially, Limnocharis flava plants were planted in the subsurface (SS) tank and Eichhornia crassipes was placed in the free water surface (FWS) tank in planted reactor and left for a few days for acclimatization process while no plant was placed in control reactor. The experiments were conducted with two different hydraulic loading rates which were high hydraulic loading rate (0.55 m/d) and low hydraulic loading rate (0.39 m/d). The efficiency of nutrients removal in leachate was evaluated by few parameters which were phosphate , nitrate and ammonia. The uptake of nutrients by plants in leaf, stem and root was also analysed as healthy as monitoring the physical plant growth in terms of physical appearance throughout the experiments.1.5 Importance of StudyThe research was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient removal from landfill leachate in a combined system of subsurface and free water surface constructed wetland as well as to determine the nutrient uptake by plants. This nutrients removal was do by phytoremediation process by plants. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up or control many kinds of pollutants including metals, pesticides and oil (McCutcheon, 2008). Phytoremediation is a potential method to treat leachate naturally in low cost. It is an environmentally friendly approach to remove pollutants from leachate. Therefore, phytoremediation can be practically used in landfill sites as constructed wetland to remove nutrients from landfill leachate. The plants used in constru cted wetland can be Limnocharis flava in the subsurface and Eichhornia crassipes in free water surface.This research was also conducted to determine the most efficient loading rate for the leachate flow in constructed wetland in removing nutrients effectively. The loading rate plays an important role since the leachate flow also determines the uptake of nutrients by the plants. This research was also conducted to determine the ability of plants, Limnocharis flava and Eichhornia crassipes to uptake nutrients from the leachate.