Campaign financing is protected under the First Amendment and is a Essay

Campaign financing is protected under the First Amendment and is a form of free speech - Essay Example The sources include bodies like companies in the possession of the state or those that are independently held. The event of funding campaigns comprises of variant views from scholars. There are people who support the actions whereas others refute this idea. Funding campaigns is an exceedingly freewill to corporations and entities (Hudson, 2011). This has explanations in the idea that corporations have contractual capacities. This explains that they can create agreements. This essay seeks to explore the arguments supporting financing of campaigns and oppositions of this argument. One reason why corporations can lend funds is that they have rights. This means that they entail rights similar to those of a person. Therefore, corporations can lend money to any persons that they please. For instance, funding money is an aspect of people. This depicts that a corporate can lawfully offer funds to campaigns. This explains that the corporate entail right to operate without intimidation from ru le enforcers. Therefore, corporations possess possible capabilities to fund campaigns (Saad, 2010). Companies presume the position of people that own rights. This is firm reason for enabling corporations to finance campaigns. Apart from the idea that entities can fund other partnerships, they also entail the power to own wealth. This shows the truth aligned with acting of corporations. The first Amendment entails the facts that corporations can space for speech. One of the ways that it can express this freedom is concerning the way it handles decisions. The amendment offers that corporations can strategize their plans without counteractions. Therefore, companies have the power to execute their decisions without facing objections (Smith, 2007). This ensures that his or her actions have no one to outlaw. Bodies executing law ought to let companies perform their missions without interruption. The first amendment explains that companies entail the space to decide on their bill. This ens ures that their funds have no second deciders. This is a result of the first amendment. Therefore, the corporations can act without feeling exploited by the authorities. This gives companies a leeway to decide on the places to invest their capital. Corporations depict the idea that their funds become exploited according to their decisions. The requirements of law ensure that everything corporations have contractual power (Kerch, 2003). Therefore, campaigns can source resources from corporations. The other reason for insisting on the financing of campaigns is the idea that they require the finances to function. This is explains that campaigns entail hefty capital that has to be solicited. These funds help many political bodies strategize their missions. This explains that the bodies entail to achieve what they perceive best for the entities. The other thing is that the entities have to ensure that they perform their decisions according to the provision in the amendment act. Campaigns necessitate finances so that they can be captivating moving in their actions. Another reason is the fact that corporations entail heavy capital. This explains reasons why campaigns solicit finances from them. This is because campaigns require heavy capital in executing their convincing. This is something entailing investing of high amounts of funds. Campaigns require sufficient finances that come from stable bodies like corporations. Small entities cannot avail ample resources to run campaigns. Therefore, ample funds emanate from able bodies like corporations. Therefore, companies have the power of deciding whether to help campaigners. This is a requirement of the act that companies follow their rightful decisions. The other fact is

Engineering Hours Accounting System Essay Example for Free

Engineering Hours Accounting System Essay Introduction Avitronics is a medium sized engineering company that produces components for the aerospace industry. Employees keep track of the hours they work on different projects and at the end of the week turn in a timecard with this information on it. The company can take up to roughly 12 contracts a year; each of these contracts is assigned a Job-Code. The Current System At present each employee keeps track of their hours using their own system. This could be as informal as a rough tally on a scrap of paper. At the end of the week, the employees fill their hours into a formal timecard, which is handed in and tallied by a clerk. Objectives of The New System Mr. Salomon (the chief accountant) would like a system with data entry forms so that each employee can input their own hours into the system at the end of each week. He would like to have pull-down menus for the job-codes, so that clumsy engineers entering complicated codes do not make mistakes. Hours should be rounded to the nearest quarter-hour. Data entry should be quick and simple. Each individual employee should not be able to see the hours worked by everyone else. The information should be sent to a database from Mr. Salomon can produce reports. He wants to be able to get a report that shows how many hours each employee works each week (these should be sorted by employee number). Mr. Salomon would also like to have a graphical report, which shows the total number of hours worked each week against each contract. He would like to start a fresh new system at the start of each year. Mr. Salomon would also like an easy to understand user guide, which should include complete instructions for a novice, using no jargon. Performance Indicators My solution will have to: * Prevent all employees seeing other employees hours. * Be simple to use, and not waste employees time. * Prevent errors wherever possible by using validation and combo-boxes. * Allow Mr. Salomon to create reports (with graphs) from entered data. * Include a template for Mr. Salomon to reset the system at the start of the year. * Provide Mr. Salomon with a User Guide designed to assist novice users when they are using the solution. * Accurately calculate the total hours for each employee per week, accurate to each quarter hour. Accurately calculate the number of hours worked on each contract per week, accurate to each quarter-hour. If all of these criteria are met then my solution will be successful. Design Choice of Software A Spreadsheet is the best solution to the problem because I can use the software well already and I know how to solve the problem using this software. I have chosen to use Microsoft Excel because it is the most common piece of spreadsheet software in general use. I could use an equivalent spreadsheet package from a different company, but this may not be compatible with Mr. Salomons computer. Features of Excel that make it ideal for solving the problem: * Ability to create a blank template * Pivot tables to create sophisticated reports with graphs * Formatting to help make it clear to the user where to enter data * Macros to automate various functions * Macros which will execute automatically on opening and closing workbooks * Validation and Protection of cells to prevent tampering and errors Systems Overview My system will be based on one workbook, with three sheets (excluding reports). The Hours Entry sheet will be the main input form, where employees will enter the hours they have worked, on what days and on which contract. The Admin Options Sheet is where the Administrator changes Contract numbers and groups, he/she also sets the week beginning date. The database sheet is where reports and charts will be produced form. Detailed Design Follows on the next 6 pages Workbook and Sheet Discussion Hours Entry Sheet This sheet is designed to let the employees enter their hours in a quick and simple way. It is important to keep it simple so that employees do not become disgruntled and frustrated with the system. This sheet has a simple colour scheme that distinguishes input cells from cells where input is not required. Combo boxes are used to keep certain aspects simple and to prevent mistakes. Buttons are used to execute macros that clear the sheet and transfer relevant data to the spreadsheet. As hours have to be recorded by the closest quarter-of-an-hour, I have used a ceiling formula in the total cells to prevent mistakes being made when data is transferred to the database. Admin Options Sheet This sheet contains any options the administrator may need to set concerning the system He/She can add/remove contracts and add/remove groups of workers. At the start of each working week He/She has to set the Week Beginning date that is needed throughout the system, it is essential they enter this date correctly. The colour scheme for this sheet is simple, every cell is white, input cells have borders to distinguish them form non-input cells. This sheet contains two buttons that execute macros: Protect Workbook This macro opens up the protect workbook dialog, where the administrator can protect the whole workbook, with the exception with cells that are not Locked (input cells). Start New Year This macro erases all the data in the workbook, and prepares the system for a new year. A warning box automatically pops up when this button is clicked to warn the user that they will be deleting all entered data from the previous year. This is to prevent all the data being removed accidentally. Database Sheet This sheet contains all the data that has been transferred from the Hours Entry Sheet. It contains Employee #, Hours Worked for each employee. Job Code, Hours Worked for each contract. From this data, an employee report can be created, this is a report listing all the employees, and the number they have worked in a given week. From this data, a contract report can be created; this is a report listing all the contracts and the number of hours worked on them for a given week. From this data a contract graph can be created, this is a graph showing the number of hours worked for a given contract over the past month (4 weeks). These outputs will need to look professional and be suitable for their purpose. Data entry and Validation These are the fields in which data will be entered into my system: Last Name The employee will type this in. I chose this method, as there is no reasonable alternative. Employee # This will be typed in by the employee. I chose this method because there is no reasonable alternative. Employee number is a four-digit number. This cell will be validated so that numbers bigger than 9999 are not accepted; also text is prevented from being entered. I use this validation so that problems do not occur further on the process, when reports sorted by employee number are being produced. Group The user will select this via a combo box this ensures no typographical errors are made when typing it in. I am choosing to use a drop down box as there are few options for the employee to choose from. Job-Code This will be selected from a drop down box to prevent typographical errors being made. If it were a plain cell, with no validation or input aids, if an error was made it could cause unwanted consequences throughout the system. Monday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Tuesday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Wednesday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Thursday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Friday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Saturday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. Sunday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20. User Aids to Operation User Aids to Operation that I have used are combo boxes, and buttons that execute useful macros. Combo boxes assist the user with entering data when there are only a few options to choose from. They also help prevent mistakes from being made when typing out something complicated. For example in my system, the user uses a combo-box to select a job code, if they had to type every job code in it is more than likely that every week several mistakes would be made. By using combo-boxes I have eliminated the probability of this occurring. By using buttons that execute macros I have enabled the employees to enter their hours in a simple entry form. If I did not use macros then each individual would have to type hours into the database, this could cause a huge number of problems for the company. Protection Sheet 1, Hours Entry Sheet The following cells on this sheet will NOT be protected: C6, Last Name C5, Employee # C10:C16, Mondays Hour Entry Cells D10:D16, Tuesdays Hour Entry Cells E10:E16, Wednesdays Hour Entry Cells F10:F16, Thursdays Hour Entry Cells G10:G16, Fridays Hour Entry Cells H10:H16, Saturdays Hour Entry Cells I10:I16, Sundays Hour Entry Cells These cells will not be protected because when I protect the sheet, I want them to be editable. Eg the employees need to enter data into them. Macros Transfer_Macro This macro will be executed from a button on the Hours Entry Sheet. The macro transfers required data from this sheet into the database. After it has transferred the data it will return the user to the Hours Entry Sheet, where they can exit the spreadsheet when they are ready. If the transfer is completed successfully then a message box will popup saying Transfer Successful. Create_Employees_Report This macro will create a report on the employees. It will copy selected data from the database, paste it into a new sheet and format it appropriately. The report will show the employee number, last name, hours worked for each week for each employee stored in the database. Create_Contracts_Graph This macro will use selected data from the database to create a graph showing how many hours are spent on each job code over a period of weeks. The graph will show all of the job-codes and all of the data about each job code that is stored in the database. Auto_Open This will execute automatically when the spreadsheet is opened, it shows the Hours Entry Sheet and clear all of the white input cells. It will select the Employee # input box ready for the user to begin. Clear This macro clears all of the white input cells in the Hours Entry Sheet. If the employee enters a few mistakes or realises he has entered totally wrong data, instead of having to delete every piece of data separately he/she can simply click the button that executes this macro. Protect_Workbook This macro will be executed via a button on the Admin Options page, this will hide all menus and the taskbar and take the user to the Hours Entry Sheet. It will also run the Clear macro so that the Hours Entry Sheet is always blank when it shows up. Start_New_Year This macro erases all data from the database ready for the system to begin a new year. The employees and job codes will stay on the admin options page as it would be unreasonable to assume that all the jobs were finished at the end of the last year. Data Flow Diagram Testing Test Strategy This is what my solution is required to do, as outlined in the Performance Indicators section of the Analysis: * Prevent all employees seeing other employees hours. * Be simple to use, and not waste employees time. * Prevent errors wherever possible by using validation and combo-boxes. * Allow Mr. Salomon to create reports (with graphs) from entered data. * Include a template for Mr. Salomon to reset the system at the start of the year. * Provide Mr. Salomon with a User Guide designed to assist novice users when they are using the solution. * Accurately calculate the total hours for each employee per week, accurate to each quarter hour. Accurately calculate the number of hours worked on each contract per week, accurate to each quarter-hour. Here is an outline of the tests I will have to carry out on my spreadsheet: * Does my system open correctly? * Ensure that the Database and Admin sections are hidden from the employees. * Ease of Use, as little complications as possible. * Tests of Validation (effects of incorrect/extreme data entry) * Tests of Protection * Accurate calculation of hours * Does my spreadsheet cause problems after closing? Test Plan The following tests will be performed: Basic Function Tests: 1. Open my spreadsheet. 2. Add data as outlined in test data set 1. 3. Test the Submit Hours button. 4. Add data as outlined in test data set 2. 5. Test the Clear Form Button. 6. Add data as outlined in test data set 3. 7. Test the Submit Hours button. 8. Test the Exit System button. 9. Reopen the spreadsheet. 10. Try entering data from test data set 4. 11. Try entering data in a locked cell (eg. The cell containing the word Group and the cell containing the word Totals). Admin Function Tests: 12. Open my spreadsheet. 13. Test Admin Options button, enter password from test data set 5. 14. Test Admin Options button, enter password from test data set 6. 15. Test the Enter New Employee button. Enter the data as outlined in test data set 7. 16. Select cell F19, Test the Delete Job Code button. 17. Select cell B11, click the Delete Job Code button. 18. Test the Enter New Job-Code button, enter the data as outlined in test data set 8. 19. Test the Enter New Job-Code button. 20. Test the Create Contract-Chart button. 21. Test the Employee Report button. 22. Test the Change System Password button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 9. 23. Test the Protect System button. 24. Test the Admin Options button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 6. Error massage should appear. 25. Test the Admin Options button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 9. 26. Test the Change System Password button; enter the original password again as outlined in test data set 6. 27. Test the Start New Year button. 28. Click File then Exit please do not save any changes to the spreadsheet. Jonathan Stamp ICT Excel Coursework Page 1 of 17 Jonathan Stamp ICT Excel Coursework Page 1 of 17

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Essay -- Dangers of Smoking

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Smoking is a deadly habit to keep, literally. Smoking along with other contributing factors such as high blood pressure and cholesterol can cause chronic diseases. One disease that has been the number one killer of men and women in the U.S. is cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease has many contributors, but smoking itself is a high risk to contract the disease. Non-smokers also have to pay attention to the air they are breathing because the smoke around you can kill you! What is heart disease? Many of us at a young age believe that heart disease can only happen to â€Å"older† people. The truth is that heart disease has to be considered while a person is young, how a person takes care of their body inside and out will determine what diseases are in store at an older age. For instance, cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for forty-two percent of all deaths in the U.S. (healingwithnutrition.com) and smoking is one of the highest contributors to obtaining this dreadful disease. Cardiovascular Disease CVD also is the leading cause of death of Americans age thirty-five and older (healingwithnutrion.com)! Who says you have to be old to have heart disease? According to the 2003 General Household Survey taken by the Office of National Statistics, forty-five percent of Americans between the age of twenty-five to fifty-nine years of age smokethe highest of all age groups. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) includes dysfunctional condi...

Family Story Essay

Jayla had a difficult childhood that kept her busy. She was an African American girl living with a working class family. She had problems with her family which even increased when her parents refused to buy her vegetarian meals. She just didn’t like the taste of meat. She had a child at 16 and was forced to raise the child on her own. It was an untimely pregnancy like 88% of teen births in the US. When she was 14, she thought she had found the love of her life in a classmate of hers named Jaylin. She thought that he would help he forget about the troubled relationship with her parents which she had formerly tried by using alcohol. These risk factors increased the chance that she would get engaged in early sex. The relationship was not as great as she had thought. It showed the exchange theory when her boyfriend paid less costs in the relationship and got more rewards which was the opposite for Jayla. This caused her to have dependency issues with him. One of the rewards for Jaylin was sex. Jayla had sex because of a threat to end the relationship because she grew so attached to him that she would rather have sex than have him leave her. They only used barriers like condoms to protect her against pregnancy. She didn’t have as much of a problem with having it after a while because she was told by her parents if she was going to have sex to use protection which is common for most parents. Their attitudes demonstrated the permissiveness with affection category of Ira Reiss’ four categories. In August Jaya gave birth to her daughter who she named Rain because the rain was the only thing that seemed to calm her down after a long fight with her parents. This made Rain a part of the 39. % of unmarried births in the US. After Rain was born, it didn’t get much easier for Jayla. Her mother had forced her to take care of the child on her own without any help from other family. She was forced to drop out of high school to take care of Rain. Shortly after giving birth, Jaylin left because he said it was too much work for him to be a father. This left Jayla devastated and made her one of the 9. 9 million single mothers in the US. She faced responsibility overload trying to have enough money to pay for Rain’s needs as a child. She also had to contend with emotional overload because she didn’t have enough time to focus on her own needs. She dealt with task overload because she had to do the work of two parents almost by herself. She started going to church with Rain which is where she lost her dependency issues and it helped her refrain from sexual activity. This also made her mind more expressive which is the norm for females. Aiden’s childhood was also troubled. He was an only child who lived with a fairly wealthy family. His parents focused more on their work than they did on him. Also the family was moving constantly from place to place because of his father’s job. Aiden never had enough time to make close friendships with people because of this frequent moving around. Both of these factors caused him to develop emotional loneliness which is fewer intimate relationships than desired. This loneliness made him focus on people and their reactions which interested him. His mind mainly focused on logic and reasoning which is the average for males. When he went to college he started his studies in sociology to continue his interest in the interactions between people. This loneliness went away during college when he started going to church and interacted with fellow Christians. This church was where he met Jayla. When Jayla and Aiden met, they both could feel a connection between them. It helped their growing relationship that they were both androgynous which means they take on both feminine and masculine traits. This is because it increased their intimacy with more love, affection, and attachment to one another. They got married two and a half years after they started dating. This early marriage is quite rare nowadays. Their gender roles in the family skewed some from traditional views. Both of them helped raised the children, worked for a living, and took care of the trailer. The fact that both of the parents worked made it unlike a monolithic family. Jayla wanted to extend the family early because she wanted to have children while she had healthy eggs and have more energy to keep up with them. Her fertility was better because she was a vegetarian so it increased by eating proteins from plants and not animals. Eleven months after they were married Jayla gave birth to her second child, a baby boy named Kyle. Their relationship didn’t come without its share of problems. A while into their relationship they noticed people border patrolling against them. People were treating them like they were abnormal just because they were an interracial couple. Their relationship seemed even more abnormal because it was a white man with a black woman. Later on, Aiden was arrested for assault on Jayla’s supervisor for sexually harassing her. Her supervisor was not charged with anything because harassment is in the eye of the beholder and co-workers saw no harm in what the supervisor was doing. They just believed that Aiden was overreacting. Even worse, he lost his job as a researcher at a local university because of that. Fortunately, Jayla had completed her GED a month before this happened and was starting a full-time job to replace her part-time one. While Aiden was looking for a job, the systems theory started showing in the family. The family could not go eat out as much, everyone had to eat less expensive food, be careful how many resources they used, and buy fewer luxuries. Early in their marriage while Kyle was still very young Jayla and Aiden had intimacy problems because they forgot that they were partners before they were parents. (Pierce) They had gotten so caught up in taking care of their children that they lost sight of their own relationship with one another. They overcame this obstacle after a while. Despite their problems, Jayla and Aiden grew even closer together. They lived in what Levinger described as a full-shell marriage that was fulfilling and strong. They showed the symbolic interaction theory by being able to interpret each other’s verbal and non-verbal symbols to one another. For example, they knew when each other was â€Å"in the mood† by Aiden wanting to go to bed early and Jayla twisting her hair around her finger and constantly looking at Aiden with a smile. They would have the occasional argument, but it never became anything serious. Their arguments were never seen as a problem because it is a myth that a happily married couple doesn’t have conflict. They indulged in what they didn’t have in common as much as what they had in common. They were both surprised by how different their dreams were. Aiden’s dreams were more like action films while Jayla’s focused more on love and family. It made for very interesting conversations in their day-to-day lives. Raising children and getting older posed some adventures of its own. Both children were raised in the normal behaviors for their sex. Rain was given dolls to play with including baby dolls allowed her to pretend to be a mother. Kyle, on the other hand, was encouraged to play outside and his scrapes and bruises were not treated like a big deal which toughened him up. Conflict from within the family expanded with grandchildren because, as Durkheim says, it had become more heterogeneous. The family became more of a group of diverse individuals. Jayla was disappointed that Rain had a child before getting married which is a risk factor for a child born to a teen mother. Jayla was relieved that the father stayed with her and eventually married her. As they got even older, Aiden had to start using Viagra because his refractory period was getting to be too long that he could not have sex with Jayla as frequently as they both wanted. Though they both had their share of problems, they had a very long and successful marriage. Both of them lived well into their eighties, happy and in love.

The Electrical Market Generation Engineering Essay

In a deregulated electricity market, the coevals, transmittal and distribution sectors are operated by different companies. This may give rise to congestion in transmittal lines due to miss of co ordination between different sectors. It may besides happen in a vertically incorporate market but it can easy be taken attention of since all the three sectors are controlled by one entity. Congestion can interrupt the demand and supply market. It can straight impact the net incomes of the market participants. Without congestion market monetary value will be unvarying but with congestion the monetary values in some countries will increase and in other countries will diminish. Congestion changes the pre despatch program of bring forthing units in order to run into the energy demands with cheaper bring forthing units cut downing their end product whereas expensive units increasing their end products in the engorged countries. This makes the energy market less efficient. By congestion we mean that the transmittal web is unable to incorporate all of the coveted minutess due to misdemeanor of the system bounds. These could be thermic, electromotive force, little signal stableness bounds etc. These bounds are violated due to the breaks in power flow in transmittal lines. Therefore it becomes imperative to take steps that would forestall or acquire rid of congestion in transmittal lines. Let ‘s hold a expression at a congestion illustration. Suppose that there is a part where the electricity supply becomes really inexpensive. This would ensue in an increasing demand as more and more people would desire to travel for that electricity seting a immense sum of burden on the system. In order to run into the increasing demand, there would be heavy flow of power over the transmittal lines. This would incur losingss every bit good as the stableness bounds would be threatened ensuing in congestion. There are two ways to cut down congestion. One is the proficient manner, by utilizing the FACTS devices and the transformer pat accommodations whereas the other one is related to the market e.g auctioning, re-dispatching etc.1.2 AimsThe aims of this thesis undertaking are as follows: To Analyze the FACTS devices To Identify the different jobs due to congestion To show the usage of FACTS devices in pull offing congestion in pool market To smoothen the Locational Marginal Prices ( LMP ) and maximise the societal public assistance Economic consideration in arrangement of FACTS1.3 Scope of ThesisThe thesis will get down with the literature reappraisal on optimum power flow, Power flow restraints, FACTS devices, power flow control, how FACTS are used to increase the transmittal capacity in order to cover with the congestion direction in transmittal systems. Electricity market theoretical account will be generated and by utilizing the FACTS devices the LMP will be smoothened and the societal public assistance will be maximized.. In the terminal based on the consequences, recommendations and decisions would be given consequently.Literature Review2.1 Optimum Power FlowIn 1960 some extensions were made in the conventional economic burden despatch job called optimum power flow ( OPF ) . OPF simulation is used to happen the optimum solution to a job. A system can be modeled by an nonsubjective map. This nonsubjective map could be minimising the production cost, minimising the transmittal losingss etc. It depends on what type of market the nonsubjective map represents. The OPF is used to command different variables in such a manner that the nonsubjective map can be minimized ensuing in the addition in overall efficiency of the system.2.2 Power System ConstraintsWith the growing of electric public-service corporations all over the universe, the transmittal systems are being pushed closer to their stableness bounds whilst more and more quality of power is being demanded. The transmittal of power over an country or a part may be limited due to certain power restraints such as: Steady province power transportation bound Voltage stableness bound Dynamic stableness bound Transeunt stableness bound Oscillations muffling bound Thermal bound These are called the constrictions as they limit the sum of power fluxing through transmittal lines.2.3 Congestion ManagementCongestion direction is a major job faced by the independent system operators ( ISO ) in the deregulated electricity environment as it has a immense negative impact on market monetary values and the market trade ensuing in breaks and pecuniary punishments under some status. FACT devices like TCSC, TCPAR ( more on this in the following chapter ) can assist to cut down congestion, smoothen locational fringy monetary value and maximise the societal public assistance. [ 1 ] The distinguishable congestion direction systems widely being employed are Nodal pricing method Zonal pricing method These are the congestion direction theoretical accounts that are based on optimum power flow algorithm [ 2 ] . In [ 3 ] , two attacks covering with the direction costs are studied. The first attack is the nodal pricing which forms the model for the pool theoretical account. The 2nd attack is based on cost allotment processs proposed for the bilateral theoretical account. Pool and the bilateral theoretical account are compared. The bilateral theoretical account would easy hold been the obvious pick for clients if it had n't been for the particular features of electricity. These features produce two jobs. The first job relates to the presence of transmittal restraints whereas the 2nd one relates to transmittal losingss. The pool adjusts these particular features of electricity in trading procedure. The locational facets of pool theoretical account are based on theory of nodal topographic point pricing. In [ 4 ] , zonary congestion direction has been presented. Importance of existent and reactive power despatchs in relieving the congestion direction has been highlighted. Congestion direction in pool theoretical account is formulated as a Non Linear Programming ( NLP ) and it is solved by utilizing the fittingness distance ratio atom drove intelligence. In [ 5 ] , coordination between the pool and the bilateral trading in congestion despatch in intercrossed market theoretical account is investigated. A mathematical theoretical account of co-ordinated congestion despatch is created which relates the rate of pool buying cost and the curtailment rate of contracts to the precedence of different trades in the intercrossed electricity market.2.4 FACTSThe conventional ways of heightening power system control were to utilize Series capacitance to command the electric resistance, switched shunt capacitance and reactor to command the electromotive force, stage switching transformer to command the angle etc. Now in the modern universe FACTS accountants are being used. The construct of FACTS was foremost introduced in 1990. FACTS stand for Flexible AC Transmission Systems. FACTS is defined by the IEEE as â€Å" a power electronic based system and other inactive equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmittal system parametric quantities to heighten controllability and increase power transportation capableness [ 2 ] . The FACTS devices late became popular due to their efficient power controllability in power transmittal lines. There are a figure of FACT devices that are presently being used each holding their pros and cons. The power is generated and distributed to the consumers over transmittal webs. The power flow is related to the electric resistance of these transmittal lines. Greater the electric resistance lesser will be the power flow. When there is a rush in demand, the power lines with low electric resistance will acquire overloaded before the high electric resistance 1s restricting the power that can be transmitted through the high electric resistance lines. There are two ways through which the lifting demand can be met. They are: – Build more transmittal lines in order to increase the transmittal capacity Use the FACTS devices in the bing transmittal web in order to increase their transmittal capacity by commanding the power flow. The former one is non executable since it requires a immense investing and has some environmental concerns associated with it. The latter 1 is what we would be looking at. The basic applications of FACT devices are: They increase the bing transmittal line power capableness Control the power flow Decrease in reactive power profiting bring forthing companies because lesser the reactive power more will be the existent power. The clients are charged for the existent power they consume. To increase the stableness Voltage control Increase the security of the system. In [ 6 ] , congestion direction methods are considered. The first is the re despatch of the coevals agenda formed by the market. Congestion direction cost is evaluated utilizing the coevals agenda. The installing and the operation of flexible jumping current transmittal systems ( FACTS ) devices in the transmittal lines for the intent of countering congestion is besides considered. A cost benefit analysis is proposed which justifies the economic feasibleness of FACTS devices. After transporting out trials on IEEE 14 coach system, this paper concludes that when FACTS devices are employed in transmittal lines at optimum places they were able to cut down the sum of power to be re dispatched every bit good as the cost of congestion. In [ 7 ] , congestion caused by the increasing figure of bilateral contracts is alleviated by utilizing two methods. Cost free and non cost free agencies. The former trades with the stage shifters, FACTS devices. The system with and without FACTS devices is compared. The optimum power flow ( OPF ) consequence shows that the single power minutess suffer less curtailment with FACTS. The usage of FACTS device called thyristor controlled series compensator ( TCSC ) is discussed. The execution of FACTS devices in bilateral despatch model to keep system stableness and security is proposed. The development of simple and efficient theoretical accounts for optimum location of FACTS devices to undertake congestion direction by the optimum control of their parametric quantities is proposed in [ 8 ] . In a engorged environment, the sensitiveness factors can efficaciously be used to find the optimum location of FACTS devices, TCSC and TCPAR. However this paper does non cover with the optimum location of other FACTS devices such as SVC, STATCOM. In [ 9 ] , steady province theoretical accounts of FACTS devices are formulated based on PIM and incorporated into optimum power flow ( OPF ) . By making this, FACTS tend to acquire flexible due to greater grade of freedom for the OPF solution infinite. The job is solved utilizing consecutive quadratic scheduling ( SQP ) in MatLab. The consequences clearly show that the FACTS devices greatly enhance the electromotive force stableness every bit good as the power transportation capableness.2.5 Controllability of Power FlowThis subdivision will cast visible radiation on the parametric quantities that affect the power flow in transmittal lines. This is indispensable in understanding the working of FACTS for congestion direction. To maintain things simple consider a two coach system in figure 2.1Figure 2.1 Two Bus SystemThe transportation of power between the two points is given by( 2-1 )Where is is Power received is Voltage sent is electromotive force received is characteristic electric resistance of the line eristic electric resistance of the line system in figure 2.1 power flow in transmittal lines. This is indispensable in understand is transmittal angle We have assumed that all the line losingss are neglected. For a short line this equation can be simplified to( 2-2 )Since Equation 2-2 merely states that the power fluxing through a transmittal line depends on three things, electromotive force, angle and electric resistance. The most of import decision that can be drawn from this equation is that higher the electric resistance of a power line lesser will be the power flow through it. Power flow is ever through those lines that have got low electric resistance.Chapter 4Electricity MarketThis chapter negotiations about the deregulated electricity market. How this market construction came into being, what advantages and disadvantages does this current construction has is discussed in the deregulated electricity market subdivision. It so sheds visible radiation on the different market theoretical accounts that are adopted by assorted states. The three market theoretical accounts that exist and discussed in this chapter are Pool theoretical account, Bilateral Model and Hybrid Model. An nonsubjective map for the pool market is formulated. Here the aim is the societal public assistance maximization.MethodologyThe first measure is to reexamine the different sorts of FACT devices. Get familiar with their operation. The following measure involves the use of these FACT devices to relieve congestion in power lines. After that a market theoretical account would be generated that would assist us to analyze the effects of FACTS devices on the market parametric quantities such as LMP, societal public assistance etc. A package will be used to transport out this undertaking. The consequences would be shown with the aid of graphsClasss of FACTS DevicesFACTS devices can be classified into the undermentioned classs.Series CompensationIn series compensation, the FACTS devices are connected in series in transmittal lines to shoot electromotive force. It works as a governable electromotive force beginning. These series FACTS devices can be a variable electric resistance e.g a capacitance. Series induction occurs over long transmittal lines doing a electr omotive force bead. To counterbalance that electromotive force bead, the series capacitances are coupled.Shunt CompensationIn shunt compensation, FACTS devices are connected in analogue to the transmittal lines. These devices inject current at the point of connexion in the transmittal lines. They act as a governable current beginning. Shunt compensation if of two types: – Shunt capacitive compensation This method is implemented when there is a demand to better the power factor. Whenever there is an inductive burden connected to the power system, it ‘s traveling to ensue in a lagging current doing the power factor to dawdle. This is non desirable since the low power factor relates to high sum of current drawn by the burden ensuing in immense energy losingss. A shunt capacitance is connected that draws current taking the electromotive force beginning which helps better the power factor. Shunt inductive compensation This method is used when there is a really low burden connected at the having terminal. This causes a really low current to flux through the transmittal lines. Shunt electrical capacity in the transmittal line causes voltage elaboration. This phenomenon is known as Ferranti consequence. The electromotive force at the having terminal becomes greater than the electromotive force at the directing terminal. To counterbalance, shunt inductances are connected across the transmittal lines.Combined Series-Series CompensationTwo FACTS devices are connected individually in series in a multi line transmittal system. Each of the devices provides independent series reactive compensation for each of the lines.Combined Series-Shunt CompensationIn this constellation, a combination of a series and shunt FACTS devices are used. The shunt device injects current into the system whereas the series device injects electromotive force. In order words this sort of constellation allows to hold an independent control over existent and existent and reactive power fluxing through the transmittal lines.Examples of Series CompensationInactive Synchronous Series Compensator ( SSSC ) Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor ( TCSC ) Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor ( TCSR ) Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor ( TSSC ) Thyristor Switched Series Reactor ( TSSR )Examples of Shunt CompensationInactive Synchronous Compensator ( STATCOM ) Inactive Var Compensator ( SVC )Example of Combined Series-Series CompensationInterline Power Flow Controller ( IPFC )Example of Combined Series-Shunt CompensationUnified Power Flow Controller ( UPFC ) Unified Power flow accountant ( UPFC ) is the most powerful FACTS accountant yet. It has the ability to command both the reactive and active power flow in transmittal lines whereas the other FACTS accountants named above could either command existent or active power flow. It is capable of commanding all the parametric quantities such as electromotive force, electric resistance and angle that are responsible for the power flow. The most widely used FACTS devices are the 1s that involve the thyristor engineering. We will analyze merely two FACTS devices in item since those are the 1s that will be implemented for congestion direction. Those two FACTS devices are: – Inactive Synchronous Compensator ( STATCOM ) Inactive Synchronous Series Compensator ( SSSC )Inactive Synchronous Compensator ( STATCOM )The inactive synchronal compensator ( STATCOM ) was antecedently known as inactive synchronal capacitor ( STATCON ) . It is based on a solid province synchronal electromotive force beginning that is merely like an ideal synchronal machine without a revolving mass. These devices generate a set of sinusoidal electromotive forces at cardinal frequences with quickly governable amplitude and stage angles. Fig 4.1 shows the generalised construction of a electromotive force beginning convertor. The input of a STATCOM is a DC electromotive force which it converts into an AC end product electromotive force at a cardinal frequence in order to counterbalance for the reactive and active power needed by the system. Qref and Pref are the mention signals that control the amplitude of the end product electromotive force V and the stage angle I? , severally. Fig 4.1 Generalized synchronal electromotive force beginning So by altering the Qref, in other words by changing the electromotive force the reactive power exchange between the inverter and the AC system can be controlled. If the amplitude of the end product electromotive force is greater than that of the AC system electromotive force, the inverter produces reactive power for the AC system. If the amplitude of the end product electromotive force is varied such that it becomes less than the AC system electromotive force, the inverter absorbs the reactive power and if both the AC system electromotive force and the end product electromotive force is the same, there is no reactive power exchange. By changing stage angles between the inverter end product and AC system electromotive forces, the existent power exchange between the inverter and the AC system can be controlled. If the inverter end product electromotive force leads the AC system electromotive force, existent power is supplied to the AC system by the inverter. If the inverter end product electromotive force lags the AC system electromotive force, the existent power is absorbed from the AC system by the inverter. Figure 4.2 shows the basic construction of STATCOM and it ‘s V-I features are shown in Figure 4.3. By detecting figure 3.3 it ‘s clear that the accountant can supply both reactive and inductive compensation and is able to command the end product current between the specified maximal capacitive and inductive scope independent of the AC system electromotive force. It can supply full capacitive end product current at any practical electromotive force. It ‘s more effectual than SVC in supplying transmittal electromotive force support every bit good as bettering the stableness of the system since SVC can provide thinning end product current with diminishing system electromotive force as judged by the designed maximal tantamount capacitive entree. The comparing of STATCOM with SVC can expected to give a 50 per centum decrease in the physical size of the installing. Another advantage of STATCOM over SVC is that it is able to back up higher tonss than the SVC can for the comparable MVAr evaluation. The STATCOM may hold an increased transient evaluation in both the inductive and capacitive operating parts, which can further heighten its dynamic public presentation. The conventional SVC were equipped with transeunt volt-ampere soaking up capableness merely. There was no manner that they could transiently increase the var coevals since the maximal capacitive current it can pull is austerely determined by the value of its maximal electrical capacity and the magnitude of the system electromotive force. The transient evaluation of the STATCOM relies on the features of the power semiconducting materials used and the maximal junction temperature at which each of these devices can be operated. Furthermore, STATCOM does non significantly change the bing system electric resistance, which is another advantage over the inactive volt-ampere compensators ( SVCs ) . To cut the treatment short, STATCOM has better features over SVC ; the maximal reactive power end product will non be affected by the electromotive force magnitude. Therefore, it exhibits changeless current features when the electromotive force falls below the bound. The steady province power exchange between the accountant and the AC system is largely reactive, as active power is merely consumed to provide for the internal losingss. Fig 4.2 Basic construction of STATCOM Figure 4.3 V-I features STATCOM can be controlled in two ways.Phase controlIn this technique the stage displacement I? is varied in order to command the STATCOM ‘s end product electromotive force magnitude.Pulse Width Modulation ( PWM )This technique allows the independent control of the magnitude of the end product electromotive force every bit good as the stage displacement that represents angle of the end product electromotive force. The control of DC electromotive force is separate from that of AC end product electromotive force.Synchronous Series Compensator ( SSSC )A synchronal electromotive force beginning that has a DC to AC inverter with gate turn off thyristor can be used for series compensation of transmittal lines. SSSC is reasonably similar to STATCOM as it involves DC capacitance fed electromotive force beginning input which generates a three stage electromotive force at cardinal frequence. This in bend is injected into the transmittal line with the aid of a transformer connected in seri es with the system.. What SSSC does is that it straight controls the current and indirectly controls the power flow by commanding the reactive power exchange between the SSSC and the AC system. It has got an advantage over another FACTS accountant called TCSC, which is that SSSC does n't endure from the resonance job that can be encountered in TCSC since it does non impact the electric resistance of the transmittal lines that much. Fig 4.4 Basic construction of SSSC Figure 4.4 shows the basic construction of SSSC. It shows a electromotive force beginning that produces an appropriate at the cardinal AC system frequence in series with the line to call off the electromotive force bead, Vc to some extent. The end product of synchronal electromotive force beginning is locked with the dawdling relationship to the current and it is so injected in series with the transmittal line. If injected electromotive force magnitude peers that of the line current, a series compensation tantamount to that provided by a series capacitance at cardinal frequence is acquired. Mathematically it can be represented as where Vc is the counterbalancing electromotive force phasor Iac represents the line phasor Ten is line impedence K is called grade of series compensation The chief thing is to command the rms magnitude Iac of the AC current and the rms magnitude Vc of the accountant ‘s AC electromotive force phasor in other words to command the reactive power injected or absorbed by the accountant. Assuming the reactance of matching transportation is negligible, the AC end product electromotive force can be straight controlled through the inverter electromotive force Vinv which can be controlled by bear downing or dispatching the capacitance. In steady province if the accountant is presenting reactive power, the stage displacement I? of the inverter electromotive force with regard to the AC current is -90 grades. On the other manus if the accountant is absorbing reactive power so the stage displacement of the inverter electromotive force with regard to the AC current becomes 90 grades. Hence we can alter the DC electromotive force Vdc and the corresponding inverter end product electromotive force Vin merely by changing the stage displacement par ametric quantity that would bear down or dispatch the capacitance. Fig 4.5 Operation of SSSC Figure shows the operation of SSSC. By presuming that the injected electromotive force in series with the line can be achieved if the DC energy storage has infinite capacity, the electromotive force stage angle can be chosen individually of the line current over 360 grades with the magnitude that is between 0 and Vc soap. This means that the synchronal electromotive force beginning must be able to bring forth and absorb both the existent and reactive power. The accountant is responsible for the production of the reactive power whereas the existent power comes from the DC energy storage device. This storage device besides generates a small active power that is merely plenty to get the better of the accountant losingss.A Time FrameWeekAims1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13AAAAAAAAAAAAAAUndertaking proposalAAAAAAAAAAAAAFACTS executionAAAAAAAAAAAAAMarket theoretical account SimulationAAAAAAAAAAAAAFACTS in market theoretical accountAAAAAAAAAAAAAConsequencesAAAAAAAAAAAAAAnalysisAAAAAAAAAAAAADecisionAAAAAAAAAAAAARecommendationsAAAAAAAAAAAAA

AC Greeen essays

AC Greeen essays A.C Green by A.C Green . Green tells about his life and how he made it to the NBA .He also tells how he got closer to God and accepted him as his savior . He also explains , that Christ is more important than cars and money Green was born in Portland , Oregon were he was loved by both of his parents . When Green got to High School he decided to play basketball for his school. He was the best player in his school . When they got to the State Championship they barely won by one point and were the champions .Then after that Green is selected to be the All-Metro area player of the year . When he was growing up just before going to the University of Oregon he accepts God as When Green had free time in the University he would encourage College students to read the Bible , know God and follow his commands . He would also preach to them about how good is to be a Christian and he would proudly say that he was a Christian .When he was playing basketball for Oregon State he was drafted to the Lakers . After graduating from Oregon State ,Green moves to L.A to play for the Lakers .That year Green wins his first NBA championship with the Lakers . When he lived in L.A he formed A.C Green Foundation for Youth to help build hope, confidence , and self esteem in young people. When he played his second year for the Lakers they won the NBA Championship . In his third year playing professional basketball he signed a contract to play for the A.C green is a pretty cool including the book for people who love sports , it influenced me to speak out more about God and love him more every day . An example of that is when he raised his hand at church and wasn't afraid to tell about God and saying that he got saved . Counting 1-10 I would rate this a 7. ...

Aborigine-Invading Settler Relationship in Rabbit-Proof Fence

Aborigine-Invading Settler Relationship in Rabbit-Proof Fence Free Online Research Papers Philip Noyce’s film Rabbit-Proof Fence is a film about three Aboriginal girls named Molly Craig, Daisy Kadabil and Gracie Fields and it explores the lives of these girls coinciding with the Australian western society during the Stolen Generation period. The police of the white Australians captured the girls due to their mixed-blood status; half white, half Aboriginal. They were taken from their parents and were put into a settlement with other mixed bloods known as â€Å"half-castes†. The film also tells of their escape from the Moore River Settlement and their return to their families, except for Gracie. The film is based on a book entitled Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence which is inspired by true events and is written by Doris Pilkington Garimara, the daughter of the protagonist Molly (â€Å"Rabbit-Proof Fence†). The film attempts to untangle many issues of Australian history. It explores the issues such as the relationship between the Aborigines and the invading-settlers, explains the reason why half-caste Aboriginals were taken from their families and what happened once they are captured. The ‘Stolen Generation’ consists of children of Australian Aboriginal descent who suffer the destruction of identity, family life and culture because they were removed from their families by the Australian and State government agencies under the Aborigines Act (â€Å"Bring them home†). It is documented that the removals occurred in the period between approximately 1869 and 1970s (Marten 229, Australian Museum 1-6, Read 1-34). This was caused because, by the mid-nineteenth century, white settlers had begun their encroachment of native Aboriginal lands, resulting in inevitable mixing of white and Aboriginal blood. The children of this union were known as â€Å"half-caste† and their growing presence is seen as a threat to civilized society by the Australian authorities (Stratton 70). Motives for the removal of the children from their families are heavily debated and include fears of miscegenation, child protection and a desire to attain white racial purity (Bates 243). In order to achieve the aforementioned motives, cultural imperialism and subjugation of the Aborigine will be discussed. First and foremost is cultural imperialism. British colonial rule relied on the perception that non-white people and non-Western cultures as inferior and needed the ‘advanced civilization’ offered by Western culture. The colonizers found it beneficial for children to adapt to Western society as they believed that the indigenous people lived ‘unhappy lives’ and the thought of them conforming to the ‘western lifestyle to be ideal’ (Klages 147-152, Stratton 70). Britain extended its national rule to countries and areas all over the world from the late seventeenth century to the middle of the twentieth century (â€Å"Colonialism†). The British formed British colonies and in most cases took over the administration of the government in order for British laws and customs to rule the people who lived half a world away from Britain itself. British colonial rule meant teaching the indigenous people about the superiority of Western practices through the setting up systems of police, courts and legislatures following British laws (Klages 147-152). It is also done by sending missionaries to convert natives to Christianity, establishing churches, setting up schools to teach British customs, and the English language to children and adults in order to make them more like British citizens. The Australian government itself stems from British colonial rule and thus followed the aforementioned things. When Molly, Daisy and Gracie were taken from their parents by the police, they were transported to Moore River Settlement, more than a thousand miles away from their families. When they are at the settlement, they were forced to speak English, abandon their traditional beliefs and culture, taught to adopt to western society and were brought up to believe in Christianity as apposed to their own belief (Rabbit-Proof Fence). The Moore River Settlement disconnected the children with their families and this prevented the children from finding their families or returning back to their homes. Children at the Moore River Settlement were also taught to believe that their past (traditions and origins) to be an ‘evil thing’ and persuaded them through the use of force to never revisit their original way of life and continue on living in western society. This is done in order to ‘protect the child’ by making them conform to western lifestyle. According to Mr. A.O. Neville, who is the Chief Protector of Aborigines, the half-caste children should be removed from their families for the fear of miscegenation. He states that there will be a ‘racial classification dilemma’ as the half-caste child could â€Å"allow a creation of an unwanted third race† and there will be a dispute on whether or not â€Å"the colors be encouraged to go back to the blacks† or â€Å"advance to the white status and be absorbed in the white population†. He further adds that half-caste children can be bred into ‘white people’ through after three generations of marriages with white people starting from the half-blood grandmother, leading to the quadroon daughter and the octoroon grandson as after â€Å"the third generation, no trace of origin is apparent†¦continuing infiltration of white blood†¦finally stamps out the black color†. This clearly shows the desire to attain white racial purity in which the Aboriginal is finally bred out. Second is subjugation of the Aborigine. The film the Rabbit-Proof Fence shows subjugation of the Aborigine through power and law. This can be seen through the use of characters, symbols and settings developed throughout the movie. The most powerful character is Mr. A.O. Neville, chief protector and legal guardian of every Aboriginal in Western Australia in the 1930s. He represents authority as throughout the entire movie, he is portrayed as having perfectly combed and waxed hair and is always seen in a suit which is in immaculate condition. This is combined with his power to control every Aborigine in the state: â€Å"Every Aborigine in this state comes under my control†, he said. He displays his authority by signing an order for the institutionalization of Molly, Daisy and Gracie and by his formal pattern of speech; â€Å"I’m authorizing their removal. They’re to be taken to Moore River as soon as possible†. Molly Craig’s character, on the other hand, shows the contrast to power and law. Molly’s hair is free and her clothing is simple to portray her carefree lifestyle without official rules. Molly’s speech is also informal and mostly made up of simple sentences; â€Å"Where your country? How far does rabbit fence go to?† When these two characters clash, we see the effects of power and law on the powerless Aborigine. From these two examples, it is clearly seen that the whites held the power to dominate the Aborigines because they held authority through law. Even when an aborigine acquires some power and law, as depicted in the character of Moodoo, he is still not powerful enough to go against the white oppressors. He can neither get himself or his daughter to totally abandon the Moore River Settlement. In addition, he also has to suffer with a lost of identity as he is not entirely accepted by the white or aboriginal communities because of his role as a tracker. Symbolism is another way to represent power and law. Mr. Neville’s stationary especially his pen and rubber stamp are powerful objects. They are the most powerful tool because they are used to authorize the removal of the three half-caste girls. It is also a tool to grant permission to marry, visit children and buy new shoes. The three aboriginal children were forced to fight the forces of the whites with their own set of powers without the help from the law. They have the power of culture, taught to them by their mother, Maude. They had learned native survival skills as part of their aboriginal education. Without their knowledge of tracking, hunting and survival in the bush, they would never have made it back to their home. These abilities were essential throughout their journey. This fundamental power of culture was an indigenous strength that allowed survival in a harsh land. It was also a strength that could be used in combat against their white oppressors. Settings are also used to represent power and law. There are two main settings are social setting and physical setting. The social setting consists of patriarch society versus matriarch society. The white oppressors controlled the society that they oppressed by following a ‘patriarch rule’. The individuals with the most power in society are men while women played a subordinate role. Men road horses, drove cars and enforced laws. Women became housewives, secretaries and servants. The Aborigines, on the contrary, controlled their society by following a ‘matriarch rule’. Women became the head of their family and the breadwinner. Men only became an insemination tool. It is also interesting to note that when these two types of social settings clash with one another, the physical power of the patriarchs together with their control of the law overpowers the matriarchs; Constable Riggs forcefully takes the three aboriginal girls from their mothers and grandmother while justifying his actions by saying â€Å"I’ve got the papers, Maude, there’s nothing you can do†. The physical setting too shows the portrayal of power and law. Molly’s home is where modern living and laws are not reinforced. Molly enjoys a free and happy lifestyle because of this. Warm colors found in can be seen through the lush vegetation and large landscape of her home to represent this. Alternatively, Mr. Neville’s office is the home of laws. His office is linear and the objects in the office are placed in an orderly fashion which reflects Mr. Neville’s way of life and the issue of power and law. Besides power and law, the role of education as well plays a role in subjugating the Aborigines. Most children at Moore River Settlement receive basic training to be domestic servants and farm laborers. Only fair-skinned children from the settlement will receive ‘higher education’ from Sister Kate because â€Å"they more clever than us, they can go to proper school†, according to Nina. This results in the children to be taken advantage off from the whites when they return to the society as they will become servants to them. A clear example is Mavis. She graduated from Moore River Settlement and she becomes the servant to a white couple and a sex slave to the couple’s husband. This proves that education is not a tool for social advancement but a regulatory tool for oppression. As a conclusion, the central idea that flows throughout the film is a lack of understanding in the colonizer-colonized relationship. As white colonists gradually occupied the lands of the indigenous people, the latter’s traditional nomadic way of life is seriously eroded. Derisively seen as a ‘stone-age’ race, the aborigines came to rely on handouts as the structure of their society collapsed. Since the settlers were superior in force, the indigenous people were thought of as lesser beings and they felt no remorse for mistreating, controlling and deciding how the indigenous people were supposed to live (Stratton 70, â€Å"Colonialism†). The acts of the Australian government as portrayed in the film can be equated to genocide. To say that the Australian’s western society was right for doing such an immoral offence towards a once prosperous and content civilization is foolish. Their policy was definitely aimed at ‘breeding out’ the Aborigi nality. Many Aboriginal people from the ‘stolen generation’ are psychologically damaged and continue to suffer the effects of destruction of their identity, family and culture. The ‘white’ powers despite their authority have been unable to bring a complete makeover to aboriginal Australia. The young girls made it home, but their victory did not close the education settlement that housed the ‘stolen generation’ of aboriginal children. Years later, as we learn from the film, Molly is once again abducted by the authorities. She retrod her steps while carrying her youngest child to return to her homeland. Her elder daughter was too heavy to carry and she never saw her again. This shows that neither set of forces has ultimately been successful; the white powers of cultural imperialism versus the aboriginal powers of cultural preservation. The struggle between the two powers still continues up till today. Australian Museum. Indigenous Australia: Family. 2004. 23 January 2009 Bates, Daisy. The Passing of the Aborigines: A Lifetime spent among the Natives of Australia. 1983. Project Gutenberg of Australia. 23 January 2009. Bring them home. 23 January 2009 â€Å"Colonialism†. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2009. Encyclopaedia Britannica . 23 January 2009. Klages, M. Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed. Great Britain: Continuum. 2006. Marten, J.A. Children and war. New York: NYU Press 2002. Rabit-Proof Fence. Dir. Philip Noyce. Perf. Evelyn Sampi, Laura Monaghan, Tianna Sansbury, Kenneth Branagh, David Gulpilil, Garry McDonald. Miramax 2002. DVD. Read, Peter. The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969. 1981. Department of Aboriginal Affairs (New South Wales government). 23 January 2009 Stratton, David. â€Å"Rabbit-Proof Fence (Motion Picture)† Film Television Literature Index 25 Feb. 2002: 70- . EBSCOhost. West Virginia University Library, Morgantown, WV. 23 January 2009. Research Papers on Aborigine-Invading Settler Relationship in Rabbit-Proof FenceWhere Wild and West MeetUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

Stream Order - The Classification of Streams and Rivers

Stream Order - The Classification of Streams and Rivers One of the most important aspects of physical geography is the study of the worlds natural environment and resources - one of which is water. Because this area is so important, geographers, geologists, and hydrologists alike use stream order to study and measure the size of the worlds waterways. A stream is classified as a body of water that flows across the Earths surface via a current and is contained within a narrow channel and banks. Based on stream order and local languages, the smallest of these waterways are also sometimes called brooks and/or creeks. Large waterways (at the highest level the stream order) are called rivers and exist as a combination of many tributary streams. Streams can also have local names such as bayou or burn. The Stream Order Geological Society of America Bulletin When using stream order to classify a stream, the sizes range from a first-order stream all the way to the largest, a 12th order stream. A first-order stream is the smallest of the worlds streams and consists of small tributaries. These are the streams that flow into and feed larger streams but do not normally have any water flowing into them. In addition, first and second order streams generally form on steep slopes and flow quickly until they slow down and meet the next order waterway. First through third order streams are also called headwater streams and constitute any waterways in the upper reaches of the watershed. It is estimated that over 80% of the world’s waterways are these first through third order or headwater streams. Going up in size and strength, streams that are classified as fourth through sixth order are medium streams while anything larger (up to 12th order) is considered a river. For example, to compare the relative size of these different streams, the Ohio River in the United States is an eighth order stream while the Mississippi River is a tenth order stream. The world’s largest river, the Amazon in South America, is considered a 12th order stream. Unlike the smaller order streams, these medium and large rivers are usually less steep and flow slower. They do however tend to have larger volumes of runoff and debris as it collects in them from the smaller waterways flowing into them. Going Up in Order If however, two streams of different order join neither increases in order. For example, if a second order stream joins a third order stream, the second order stream simply ends by flowing its contents into the third order stream, which then maintains its place in the hierarchy. The Importance of Stream Order Stream order also helps people like biogeographers and biologists in determining what types of life might be present in the waterway. This is the idea behind the River Continuum Concept, a model used to determine the number and types of organisms present in a stream of a given size. More different types of plants, for example, can live in sediment-filled, slower flowing rivers like the lower Mississippi than can live in a fast-flowing tributary of the same river. More recently, stream order has also been used in geographic information systems (GIS) in an effort to map river networks. The algorithm, developed in 2004, uses vectors (lines) to represent the various streams and connects them using nodes (the place on the map where the two vectors meet). By using the different options available in ArcGIS, users can then change the line width or color to show the different stream orders. The result is a topologically correct depiction of the stream network that has a wide variety of applications. Whether it is used by a GIS, a biogeographer, or a hydrologist, stream order is an effective way to classify the world’s waterways and is a crucial step in understanding and managing the many differences between streams of different sizes.

History 1A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History 1A - Essay Example The narrator argues that slavery especially in Africa had denied him the chance to live peacefully and in harmony with her family members. As Europe grew, the relationship between Africa and Europe came into focus. The description of African religious theories was essential in the evaluation of histography of European academic orientations. The triple religious African heritage, which includes indigenous religion, Islam and Christianity, were the pivot that formed the three main themes of discourse. The accounts describing religion in African or the superficial terms lead to an influence in the perception of philosophers who were enlightened about Africa. In turn, perception about Africa was influenced by progress and reason. The European occupation was often legitimized because of the argument that Christian civilization was introduced, officials in the colonial government realized that changes in African societies may lead to stability loss. The states that he witnessed the sale of slaves to Dutch people while in West Indies. At that time, he was not bought but instead, transported and sold to North America where he was assigned to work in the Virginia plantations doing house chores and light field works. He did not stay for long in time Virginia when a British royal navy lieutenant bought him as a present to his friends in England (Equiano 94) The spread of Islam was neither simultaneous nor uniform, but followed an adaptive and gradual path. However, aesthetic and political influences on the African community are difficult to access. Islamic resistance to representation of animals and people, its interaction with the Africans visual arts was one of the forms of Islam that were accommodated by the local residents. Islam also helped in the reinforcement of the fondness of Africans to geometric design. It was also evident in textile decorations and objects that were crafted. Weaving by the locals was also

Domestic Violence During Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Domestic Violence During Pregnancy - Essay Example Domestic Violence during Pregnancy Introduction Like many other problems that people face across the world, there must be a reason to why domestic violence happens in various homes. Domestic violence as amongst serious problem that are common in many homes, leads to the occurrence of other problems, which have negative impacts on family members, especially the mother and children (Hester, 2007). This discussion will consider the causes domestic violence, the impacts of domestic violence on both pregnant women and the unborn or newborn babies, and the prevention measures for domestic violence. Overview People have acknowledged domestic violence as among the most severe problems to the health of married women. However, pregnant women experience more impacts from domestic violence than normal women do because of a number of complications due to pregnancy. According to the Center for Disease Control, domestic violence during pregnancy refers to sexual, physical, emotional violence that p regnant women experience, especially from their husbands (Huth-Bocks, Levendosky, & Bogat, 2010). Research has shown that pregnant women have a higher likelihood of experiencing physical violence from their husbands than normal women do. Domestic violence harms women more than other problems, such as hypertension, diabetes, and other serious health complications do. It has serious effects on both infant and maternal health because injury to the breasts, genitals, and abdomen are common during pregnancy. Therefore, domestic violence is a significant factor that leads to high proportions of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Commonly, domestic violence during pregnancy can lead to fetal fractures, placental separation, prenatal hemorrhage, preterm labor, and rupture of the uterine walls. Domestic violence can indirectly affect the health of the pregnant mother and her unborn baby negatively because the mother can eat well as well or seek antenatal care (Estrellado, 2010). Nursing care considerations related to domestic violence assessment Domestic violence during pregnancy has become a severe problem, which affects both social and public health. Therefore, advanced practice physicians and nurses who help in providing the prenatal care play a vital role in identifying, diagnosing, and treatment for pregnant mothers facing domestic violence. In a number of hospitals, physicians and nurses are screening expectant mothers for domestic violence during the time of delivery, which is usually late for screening because in most cases, domestic violence takes place earlier (Estrellado, 2010). It is significant to for health institutions to implement a plan of screening expectant women during the prenatal visits, and give them necessary interventions. Such interventions include education about domestic violence and providing the expectant mothers with information on local resources like domestic violence centers and shelters. Expectant women should obtain a nu mber of resources, such as shoe cards and Domestic Violence Survivor’s Guide from health institutions (Estrellado, 2010). The shoe cards bear the phone numbers and names of the local agencies that are resourceful to domestic violence victims. These cards also bear information concerning safety measures. Domestic

HipHop music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HipHop music - Assignment Example However, Billy Watson lived an isolated life, and he could not roam freely like the black kids. At 6th grade, a black student asked him to listen to rap music that gave him the desire to join the hip-hop world. He started drifting from the white culture and requested his parents to transfer him to a black public school, something they obliged. He admired the large sneaker laces, gold jewelry and graffiti that was part of the hip-hop culture. He started buying fat sneaker laces and wearing fake gold. He practiced what other hip-hop artists were doing and soon he was a popular graffiti artist. As he grew up, he associated more with black people than with fellow whites. He toured colleges to preach the message of unity by practicing the hip-hop culture. Wimsatt hated his white culture and lived like a black and in most cases teaching against the white culture. Elliot Watson was born in a mixed family. His mother was Greek while his father was black. Watson attended white schools, and his parents wanted him to live a life like that of the whites. However, he was uneasy with the white culture, and he remained isolated in school and at home. His parents prevented him from getting involved in street life and therefore he loved watching TV most of the times. While at home, he had a growing love for hip-hop and in most times he listened to popular hip-hop artists over the radio. His parents even bought him a set of Technics 1200 turntables and mixer.

Industrial relation_Changes to Employment Legislation in Singapore Essay

Industrial relation_Changes to Employment Legislation in Singapore - Essay Example The trade unions are lawful and they help to resolve the conflicts between the employees and employers (Clegg, 1975, 14-25). The Singapore system is a cooperative Tripartism, wherein the union, government and the management participate. The Industrial and Employment Laws are amended as per the perspectives of the Tripartite. These laws are amended based on certain changes in the Singapore market, work forces, Labour relations and several other essential factors. 2. Reasons for the changing make up of the workforce in Singapore since the start of the 21st century The Singapore Tripartism Forum or the STF), created by NTUC (National Trades Union Congress), Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) and Ministry of Manpower (MOM), was launched on the 24th of January 2007 by Prime Minister, Mr Lee Hsien Loong. It is a forum which is designed to enhance the strength of tripartism; the tripartners being the Union, Government and the employers. The forum provides an effective framework which can help to overcome the economic challenges which are being encountered by Singapore. The economic competitiveness and ‘labour-management relation harmony’ would be benefitted by the inclusion of this framework. Objectives as per. Chuan-Jin (17 April 2012) are: Job re-creation Enhancing skills Raising retirement age, Upgrading of the workforce, Flexible wage system Promotion of the fair employment practices as per John Benson, Ying Zhu, PH. 2011. The tripartite partners are as follows: The Ministry of Manpower: As per the Ministry of Manpower (2012), this organisation aspires to develop globally competitive labour /workforce. It also aims at developing a better workplace and achieving a cohesive society. In addition, the aim is to achieve a secure and stable economic future. The National Trades Union Congress (NTUC): It is a national level confederation of trade unions in public sectors and industrial domains representing 500,000 workers. It comprises of 62 union s and 6 taxi associations, which are all affiliated. The objective of this organisation is to make the workers employable for their lifetime and to enhance the social status of these workers. As per NTUC (2010), it aims at enhancing the competitive environment and also for enhancing the health conditions of the employees. These laws apply to all ages and nationality. The Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) This federation was set up in 1980. It is a trade union of employees, which is meant to preserve industrial harmony. It is dedicated to help the employees to achieve excellence. As per the Annual Report SNEF (2009), SNEF has over 2000 members employing 54000 workers. It plays a key role in facilitating tripartite partnership. As expressed by Clegg (1975, p. 309-316), tripartism â€Å"theme is that men associate together to further their common interests and desires; their associations exert pressure on each other and on the government; the concessions which follow help to bind society together; thereafter stability is maintained by further concessions and adjustments as new associations emerge and power shifts from one group to another.† As per the publication, Changes to Employment Act (2009), Ministry of Manpower, the following factors are the base reasons for the amendment in the Employment Act:

Project Assignment week 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project week 5 - Assignment Example Name of design pattern: Data access object Classification: Design Problem: The problem that will be got is that the users will be exposed to complex working and operation of the program. This should not be the case as the users should only access simple interface without any much complications of the system. Solution: The solution that will be applied in the system is the use of DAO pattern. In the system, the use cases who will be involved include making an online purchase, making an online inquiry, and making payment. The use case diagram below show the use cases which will need the use of this design pattern in our case. Consequences The first design pattern that will be used is that of the data access object. Data access object is a design pattern that is used to hide the complexity of the program for the user. Users are not supposed to get the details of how the program has been developed. This is where the data access object comes in. The DAO helps data access mechanisms to be able to change without depending on the code that makes use of the data. It is tasked with the management of the connection to the source of data in order to get or retrieve the data. This design pattern helps users to access what they are supposed to access. Real world example: There are applications that are used in the world today that make use of DAO. An example is Facebook which makes use of this design pattern to hide the working of the system in the background and present the users with a simple interface. Design pattern: Dispatcher pattern Classification: Design Problem: There is a problem when passing messages in a hierarchical model of software architectures that are found in the world today. There is a need to have a communication between the objects that are found in the same tier. Solution: The use of dispatcher pattern helps to send communication messages between objects which are found in the same tier. In the ANDC system, there will be the use of the same use cases l ike that of DAO. Consequences The dispatcher is a design pattern that is used to give the requests of the client to the proper party object that is found on the same level of tiers. The client requests are essential issues that come into play when designing the user interface and large programs. It is important to take care of requests from the client. Both data access object and dispatcher are two design patterns that deal with the users. They are design patterns that concern how the data and users will interact with the system. The difference between these two design patterns is that data access pattern is concerned with users and data. It is more concerned with the integrity of the data. This is unlike dispatcher which is tasked with how requests are handled. It is, therefore, more oriented to the user than the data or how the program operates (Papp 2001). Design pattern: Factory design pattern Classification: Design Problem: There is a problem of having the same collection of ob jects that can be instantiated together. There is a need to have a collection of these objects so that they can be instantiated together. Solution The solution to this problem is that similar objects will be collected and instantiated together. A design pattern that will undertake this process was designed. The actors that will be involved in the design include the customer, ANDC staff, and administrators. There are common tasks that will be undertaken by these groups. The diagram will include all the

Industrial relation_Changes to Employment Legislation in Singapore Essay

Industrial relation_Changes to Employment Legislation in Singapore - Essay Example The trade unions are lawful and they help to resolve the conflicts between the employees and employers (Clegg, 1975, 14-25). The Singapore system is a cooperative Tripartism, wherein the union, government and the management participate. The Industrial and Employment Laws are amended as per the perspectives of the Tripartite. These laws are amended based on certain changes in the Singapore market, work forces, Labour relations and several other essential factors. 2. Reasons for the changing make up of the workforce in Singapore since the start of the 21st century The Singapore Tripartism Forum or the STF), created by NTUC (National Trades Union Congress), Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) and Ministry of Manpower (MOM), was launched on the 24th of January 2007 by Prime Minister, Mr Lee Hsien Loong. It is a forum which is designed to enhance the strength of tripartism; the tripartners being the Union, Government and the employers. The forum provides an effective framework which can help to overcome the economic challenges which are being encountered by Singapore. The economic competitiveness and ‘labour-management relation harmony’ would be benefitted by the inclusion of this framework. Objectives as per. Chuan-Jin (17 April 2012) are: Job re-creation Enhancing skills Raising retirement age, Upgrading of the workforce, Flexible wage system Promotion of the fair employment practices as per John Benson, Ying Zhu, PH. 2011. The tripartite partners are as follows: The Ministry of Manpower: As per the Ministry of Manpower (2012), this organisation aspires to develop globally competitive labour /workforce. It also aims at developing a better workplace and achieving a cohesive society. In addition, the aim is to achieve a secure and stable economic future. The National Trades Union Congress (NTUC): It is a national level confederation of trade unions in public sectors and industrial domains representing 500,000 workers. It comprises of 62 union s and 6 taxi associations, which are all affiliated. The objective of this organisation is to make the workers employable for their lifetime and to enhance the social status of these workers. As per NTUC (2010), it aims at enhancing the competitive environment and also for enhancing the health conditions of the employees. These laws apply to all ages and nationality. The Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) This federation was set up in 1980. It is a trade union of employees, which is meant to preserve industrial harmony. It is dedicated to help the employees to achieve excellence. As per the Annual Report SNEF (2009), SNEF has over 2000 members employing 54000 workers. It plays a key role in facilitating tripartite partnership. As expressed by Clegg (1975, p. 309-316), tripartism â€Å"theme is that men associate together to further their common interests and desires; their associations exert pressure on each other and on the government; the concessions which follow help to bind society together; thereafter stability is maintained by further concessions and adjustments as new associations emerge and power shifts from one group to another.† As per the publication, Changes to Employment Act (2009), Ministry of Manpower, the following factors are the base reasons for the amendment in the Employment Act:

Reflection of the module assignment Asma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection of the module assignment Asma - Essay Example The advantage that came with it is that it gave me technical expertise. The experience was important in creating a complete e-commerce. It equipped me with skills like how to design an e-commerce, considering aesthetic factors, selecting the correct tool from among many, incorporating the social marketing plug-in into a website and others. It was a unique exposure on how online businesses are constructed and run. For example, it came to my knowledge that despite the easiness of creating a website online, making a profit from the business is very difficult. Also, I have never connected the relationship of search engines with website that are being developed, but, through this exercise I came across search engine optimisation and now am skilled on how to optimise a website for a good rank by the search engines (Grappone & Couzin, 2011). The second semester introduced advanced skills that modelled me into an advanced technologist. At first I could not understand the meaning of viral cam paign project, but, with time the research and teamwork from group members made me learn and understand. The Viral Campaign Project is one great asset for an online business to promote its presence just as it is with the traditional word of mouth (Nalty, 2010). With the increased presence of social media and blogs, one can share an interesting video and it spreads fast hence marketing an idea. The project involved constructive use of tools to create a video for Morson international. As group member I not only learnt how to work with a team, communicate with a team, plan and schedule in a team, but also, how to use video tools to make a video that can go viral. 3.0 Time factor Time constraint is critical in any of the projects that we handled during this learning stint. I noted that it is very critical to allocate time to events correctly to be able to complete the tasks. The projects had a time limit and with less available time we had to gamble with what we know and don’t kn ow to deliver. It was a learning activity that provided us the opportunity to identify what we know and what we didn’t know within limited time. It was challenging with the minimal time to complete the project, yet we managed. An example of challenge was when we were not sure what was best for Morson viral video: act or animation. Animation seemed easier and more interesting, but, the correct tool to do so was not easy to identify. These made the group delve into extensive research to come up with a presentable video. Coupling the video with Arabic voiceover was another challenge that we finally managed. I believe given more time we would have explored the best tools and best ideas and delivered an excellent viral video. I leant that when time factor is pressing; approach it by ensuring that there is a clear schedule and plan of events. 4.0 Reflection Comparison The iProject and viral campaign project are slightly different. The first was an individual project and the other a group project. However, they both required my attention. To deliver successfully I tried my best to learn from my past mistakes as a student. I planned my schedule in a way that my personal assignments from other modules and other activities wouldn’

An Evaluation of Pip, and His Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

An Evaluation of Pip, and His Great Expectations Essay In the year 1860, author Charles Dicken’s began his thirteenth novel, Great Expectations. The work is a coming-of-age novel, which tells the life story of an orphan boy named Pip, who much like Dickens’ in his earlier years is unhappy with his current life. A number of Charles Dickens’ personal life events are mirrored in the novel, leaving Great Expectations to be one of his most autobiographical works. Young Pip, the protagonist of the novel is stuck living in the marsh country, he is working a job that he hates, and considers himself to be too good for his current surroundings, much like Dickens’ did when he was younger. While working on Great Expectations, Dickens’ made weekly installments to the novel, leading it to be one of his most well structured works. Great Expectations is a novel which develops a number of different themes as the story progresses, with the primary theme being personal growth and ambition. The story tells us that morals such as affection, loyalty and conscience are much more important in reality than social-class, social advancement, and wealth. The protagonist, Pip, is destined to learn this lesson through his ‘great expectations’, as he explores different ideas of ambition and self-improvement. Great Expectations is a convincing tale told in the perspective of an orphan named Pip, who tells his realistic life story from the very beginning of his ‘great expectations’, which all began one evening when he had a strange encounter with an escaped convict in a cemetery, while he was looking at the tombstones of his parents. This mysterious stranger ordered young Pip to bring him food and a file to break loose the shackle on his leg. If Pip does not comply, the strangers promises to murder him. After bringing the convict food and an iron the next day, Pip finds out that the convict has been arrested, and the mysterious criminal has protected Pip by telling the authorities that he stole the food himself. Some time after this event took place, a lawyer by the name of Jaggers appears in the marsh country that Pip lives in, and he comes with strange news: a strange benefactor has given young Pip a large fortune, and Pip must leave his life of being a blacksmith at the for ge behind in order to go to London with Jaggers and become a gentleman, and get his education. During his time in London, Pip discovers many truths about his life, the mysterious benefactor, and his past. A man from the country marsh named Orlick who is the polar-opposite of Pip reappears in his life, and is dead set on ruining it, as well as hopefully killing him. The reader is kept guessing what will happen with Orlick and Pip as the story progresses, as well as who Pip’s mysterious benefactor is. Dickens’ managed to make Great Expectations and interesting read, but a rather dull journey lacking any sort of excitement. Instead of having any sort of surprise throughout Great Expectations, the author simply gives answers to questions asked and created throughout the story, none in which intrigue the readers. The end holds no real surprise, and the novel ultimately ends up being just a message to the readers, saying that money and living in a good social class is not important in comparison to family, friends, and happiness. There are a number of events throughout that story that are irrelevant to everything, such as Pip and his friend Herbert end up being in debt. The debt has absolutely no negative or positive effect on the story, but is only a bit of filler throughout one of the chapters. The main character of Great Expectations, Pip, is the most guilt-ridden character in the novel, he has no prejudice. His most noticeable and crucial characteristics are his naturally good conscience, and his immature glory of romance. Pip eventually faces an internal conflict once he better understands the reality behind poverty and immorality, he decides that he wants to achieve as much as possible. Because of this, Pip puts his life at the marsh country behind him, he abandons the people who care for him the most, and goes to London where he becomes a gentleman. In London, Pip views his past actions very negatively, and very seldom does he ever give himself credit for good deeds he has done in the past. As a gentleman, Pip starts to act as he always imagined a gentleman would, this adds to him treating his family poorly. Many of the characters throughout the story do not seem to be very realistic, it is almost as if they were meant to come across as being quite fictional. Estella is an unrealistically ‘cold’ character, who has zero feelings for anybody or any living thing. She has absolutely no ability to express emotions to the extent that it seems completely unreal.Despite this, Estella almost does come across as being quite sympathetic for her being the way she is. She warns Pip regularly that she has â€Å"no heart†, and strongly urges him to love somebody else, for she is not good for his wellbeing and happiness. At the end of the novel, however, Estella finally begins to feel like as though she is out of Miss Havisham’s control, and is finally her own person, as she tells Pip, â€Å"Suffering has been stronger than all other teaching. . . I have been bent and broken, but I hope into a better shape.† Miss Havisham is the most unrealistic character in Great Expectations, she lives in a rotted mansion, and has not removed her wedding dress in over ten years. Miss Havisham has stopped every clock in her mansion at twenty minutes to nine, and refuses to ever know what time it is, whether it be day or night. Great Expectations takes place in the 19th century, the main character, Pip, is born in England in the 1800’s and is telling his story in the year 1860. The novel is set around the life of Pip, who is on a mission to meet his â€Å"great expectations†, whatever those may be, and to become a gentleman. His life story takes place both in the southeast marsh country of England, and eventually in London, England, where Pip lives as a gentleman. Great Expectations takes place during a very busy time for England, with the Industrial Revolution occurring, as well as the voidance of slavery in the British colonies during 1834. To the people, London is considered to be a prospering capital, and England is a powerful giant on the globe. However, the way Dickens’ depicts is quite the opposite of that. Pip’s hometown Kent, which resides near the marshlands is twenty miles away from the ocean, and the townsfolk can see the Thames River flow through it. Off in the distance of the marshland and ocean is where the convict ships dock, causing many criminals to lurk about the area. The setting is important because of the time period the story takes place, the economy is thriving and there is plenty of opportunity for money. The mood throughout the story feels rather empty, there is never much tension, never much pain, and never much happiness throughout Great Expectations. There are times throughout the novel when some places Pip travels to bring the mood to different levels, for example, Miss Havisham’s rotting mansion sets a darker mood on the tale, but shortly after when Pip is back in London, the story is back to the usual calm mood of Great Expectations. The story often goes through mood swings because of this. When certain characters come into the picture, they do hav e a slight effect on the atmosphere, though the atmosphere of the novel is usually made clear through Pip’s thoughts, as well as his actions. The year is 1860, Charles Dickens’ has just begun his thirteenth novel, the irritating tale of a young man named Pip, who has come across a large fortune of money, and decides to selfishly leave his family and loved ones behind in order to go to London, and be rich. As the novel progresses, Pip develops as a human being and learns many things, as well as beats himself up for his past. Throughout the ride, Pip comes across a great deal of many different people,such as a heartbroken old timer who grieves every day in her own self pity, a stone cold young lady who holds no love for any living thing, a criminal who has a strong sense of high values, and a lawyer who takes Pip under his wing to becoming a gentleman. Each character is unique in their own way, yet each continue to be uninteresting throughout the novel. Dickens’ not only presented the readers with a number of dull characters, but gave his audience a boring tale which ultimately holds no sort of significance in the end. While the novel is generally quite uninteresting, the setting of the novel is rather exciting as it takes place during the Industrial Revolution of England, however this is hardly noted in the novel, therefore putting readers in front of a rather empty, â€Å"too much like home† world, where the men work hard and the women stay at inside all day, the rich are greedy and the poor are struggling. Charles Dickens had a great idea with Great Expectations, but focused too much on other things as well throughout the story which ultimately helped lead it to become uninteresting and irritating to get through, at times there was too much going on in the novel, while at other times unnecessary events were taking place, which did not progress the story in any way whatsoever. Though the theme of Great Expectations exists, the end gives readers more of a relief that the book is finished, rather than leaving them in an intrigued state which Dickens seemed to have originally intended.