The History of Fashion Buyer free essay sample

Design purchaser existed since 1940s. Thee first time design purchaser exist was called voyaging sales rep. Style purchaser existed due to theres something diï ¬â‚¬erent among plan and assembling. The existed of design purchaser in view of clothing industry. Clothing industry was conceived due to the advancement of large scale manufacturing. Mass Manufactured and Apparel Industry history Prior to the American Civil War, most dress was made by tailors or by people or their relatives at home. The American Civil war impact the improvement of men’s instant attire. In the start of the Civil War, most regalia were uniquely designed on laborers home. As the war proceeded, makers began to construct production lines that could snappy and eï ¬Æ'ciently fulfill the developing needs of the military. Large scale manufacturing of regalia required the improvement of standard sizes. After the war, these military estimation were utilized to make the main business measuring for men. The large scale manufacturing of women’s attire grew all the more gradually. We will compose a custom exposition test on The History of Fashion Buyer or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Women’s equips commonly kept on being uniquely crafted well into 1920s. Afterward, a few factors, for example, the improvement of mechanical creation strategy, the ascent of promoting industry, the development of a urban expert class and the advancement of national market got to through chain stores and mail request inventories, added to the accomplishment of the women’s instant garments. During 1920s, basic garments outlines, more affordable man-made texture and zipper turned into the patterns of the world. In 1930s, the new large scale manufacturing strategies in industrial facilities, utilizing particular sewing machine, overlockers and force driven cutting. During the 1960s, couture houses started to dispatch their own prepared to-wear lines oï ¬â‚¬ering mass-delivered garments in set sizes with a fashioner mark. By the 1975, the genuine clothing industry was conceived. Sequence of Fashion Buyer In the nineteenth century, the dressmaker went to buyer home and worked intently, with the shopper settling on all choices. From 1900s, voyaging sales reps occurred of dressmakers going to shopper home. From 1940s, retail locations become to prosper with their own sales reps to customers and voyaging sales reps from the attire producers. e makers had tailors, creation chiefs, style specialities and originator. From 1970s, voyaging sales reps called as purchasers. So I presume that clothing industry is the motivation behind why style purchaser existed. Without large scale manufacturing, fabricated possibly won't assembled production line to deliver garments for less expensive, all the more rapidly and eï ¬Æ'ciency. Furthermore, without clothing industry, the employments among creator and fabricated won't be isolated.

How to Write Myself - The Secrets of Creating a Great Website

How to Write Myself - The Secrets of Creating a Great WebsiteIf you've been struggling with the problem of how to write your own website, then it is high time that you take a look at this article. It will help you understand exactly how to create a successful, attractive and simple-to-use site for your customers and clients. Now, if you are in doubt whether or not you can do that, then read on to find out.The first thing you have to do before you even begin building your own website is to decide upon the goals and objectives. You need to think clearly about what you want your website to accomplish. You may be setting up a promotional business for instance. You will need to give good reasons as to why this business is worthy of being noticed. If you cannot come up with good reasons as to why you are interested in establishing a small business or promotion agency, then it would not be right for you to launch such a venture.Many entrepreneurs do this because they believe that they will not be able to sustain the expenses required to have their business prosper, if they don't attempt to establish one. However, this is quite a wrong assumption. There are various ways and means by which you can run a business without making a large investment in your business, which is certainly the best way.The second thing you have to do before you can launch your own website is to decide on your theme. This is the most important part of setting up your website. A theme helps you in giving your site a unified look and feel and thus helps in making it more appealing to visitors. Therefore, you must make sure that you choose the right theme for your business, to create a nice and pleasant impression on your customers.The third thing you have to do before you start to build your site is to make a search for good quality domain names and hosting services. This is the first thing that you should learn from your internet marketing guru. It is essential for a search engine spider to crawl your site, and hence, for you to get a high ranking on the search engines.The next thing you have to do before you launch your site is to acquire reliable hosting services. A good hosting service will ensure that you maintain all your site files for as long as you stay with them. Your domain name is also extremely important for all your online business.Once you learn all these, you can now begin the process of creating your online business. In order to make a successful marketing plan for your business, you have to remember that you have to reach out to your target market. It is just like selling a product, where you have to find out who is buying the product, and what are their requirements.It is a good idea to do research on the market trends before you go into it. This is a key factor in setting up your business.

Organization Diagnosis free essay sample

Hierarchical determination of Starbucks Corporation in regards to its authoritative turn of events, authoritative conduct and key human asset the board. Starbucks has a vigorous OD and utilizes SHRM. | Organizational turn of events and conduct are an indispensable piece of any association and can be a basic territory that decides an associations accomplishment in any industry. In the event that and how these ideas are interestingly applied, associations can characterize a wide range of territories of their authoritative structure. The Starbucks Corporation has become a notable universally fruitful organization. In examining the use of the authoritative practices of correspondence, culture, and dynamic, we can decide how these ideas have made this organization fruitful. Hierarchical Communication in the Starbucks association is outstandingly fruitful. So as to seem straightforward as an association, give sound heading of correspondence, keep up strong channels of correspondence, and still the talk factory; Starbucks has taken huge walks in focusing on this part of its hierarchical conduct. Despite the fact that Starbucks goes to no extraordinary lengths to characterize or list their hierarchical structure, late changes in the association characterize the association as a lattice structure. These adjustments in the association, done to improve the client experience, characterized the correspondence bearings utilized by the association. The network hierarchical structure is a successful method to exploit all correspondence channels. Regardless of whether the association wishes to mark the authoritative structure or not, the structure is the vital purpose of achievement in its hierarchical correspondence. The network structure is comprised of cross utilitarian work groups that can answer to leaders of the association other than the essential administrator. This auxiliary conduct has permitted the organization to have effective correspondence upward, descending, and along the side with its workers. Keeping up powerful correspondence, Starbucks utilizes a model of correspondence utilized by and large by littler gathering systems, all channel correspondence. All channel correspondence permits workers to discuss effectively with one another, making all individuals allowed to contribute. Definitely, this channel of correspondence has added to the accomplishment of the association. The hierarchical correspondence reaches out past simply the representative and to the client also. Starbucks works admirably in utilizing innovation, advertising strategies, and their representatives to convey achievement, objectives, and vision to the client. Instances of this can be seen on the Starbucks site. The site shares the organizations core values, vision as an organization, social obligation, and statements of purpose. What this has done is permitted the association to keep up a straightforward picture. This has assisted with stilling gossipy tidbits about the association as these bits of gossip come to fruition. Starbucks has no difficult revealing a period table for significant choices to representatives and the general population as significant choices that come to fruition. The association will post on the corporate site and issue official statements that clarify choices and conduct that could cause vulnerability. Starbucks works admirably of showing advantages and disadvantages of future and current choices. A genuine case of this can be found in an ongoing posting of the basic changes the association made so as to keep up steadiness and proceed with magnificent client support. This posting, intended to take off vulnerability and quall the talk factory, discloses to all accomplices of the association (workers) that vital changes will be made in the hierarchical structure including combination, revamping, and an expressed number of fundamental cutbacks. These styles of correspondence will keep on permitting the association to have accomplishment in their industry. Authoritative Culture The Starbucks Corporation presents a solid intrigue for potential representatives with a solid authoritative culture. This culture keeps up values that arrive at each edge of its association; and reaches outside its dividers to the networks too. Looking into some of Starbucks social qualities uncovers how effective and engaging this social model can be. Starbucks authoritative intrigue Many of the business ideas and the traits of the Starbucks hierarchical culture are engaging. To start with, Starbucks has become a notable worldwide substance. This has been accomplished by an all around perceived item that depends on its quality and one of a kind advertising techniques. Clients can generally be required to be gone up against with excited workers, glad to serve, and concentrated on the necessities introduced by their clients. Workers are very much prepared and have an immense measure of information pretty much all the items offered by their organization. The exertion that is put on the nature of their item can be seen by the normal purchaser. They endeavor to give an astounding item and, as demonstrated by their huge achievement, barely any supporters leave the store with any disappointment. It is obvious that the qualities and statements of purpose anticipated by the organization are having extraordinary accomplishment in making a solid social conduct. Hierarchical Values Many of the qualities held by the Starbucks Corporation plan of action are shared by buyers and adjusted by intently watching associations. One worth that stands apart for the organization is in network support. As per Starbucks Corporation, they bolster numerous network associations, for example, Conservation International, The Earthwatch Institute, Save the Children, Mercy Corps, the African Wildlife Foundation, and Planet Green. Qualities, for example, this have set guidelines and send messages that productive organizations have a duty to the networks that help their association and to the requirements affecting the earth and the world encompassing them. Also, the Starbucks association list in its core values the significance of grasping assorted variety, giving a positive workplace through regard and nobility, and a pledge to fulfilling constantly. Exemplification of social qualities Starbucks keeps on fulfilling work needs and give fantastic client assistance. Partially, this achievement can be ascribed to the social quality of development and hazard taking. At Starbucks, representatives are engaged and urged to consider some fresh possibilities. Starbucks empowers and rewards workers for creative thoughts and urges representatives to influence from drink principles to meet the particular solicitation of the buyer. This prompts the trait of meticulousness. Since the organization advances the excited turn of events and fulfillment of its clients, workers are relied upon to stay concentrated on the necessities of the client. Around here, this may mean the turn of events and utilization of unique listening aptitudes and performing various tasks capacities. Representatives, concentrated on the ever-changing fixing orders that differ from client to client, show how significant this trademark is to the company. The Starbucks Corporation additionally shows the social qualities of individuals direction and group direction. The organization shows representatives that they are so critical to their association through the choices they have that effect various individuals. A portion of this can be shown through the contribution of medical advantages to low maintenance representatives. Social quality Starbucks keeps up an extremely solid otherworldly culture. Starbucks execution toward providers, networks, representatives and clients offers ascend to the mindfulness that Starbucks is one of those organizations that doesn't expressly utilize the term otherworldliness at work for their activities, in any case live it without limit. Starbucks shows this profound culture in their advancement of reasonable exchange, natural commitments, working environment assorted variety, and its self acclaimed explanation of worker edified personal responsibility. The securities that Starbucks structures with its accomplices, workers, and network are obvious when one basically opens the front entryway of the foundation. Starbucks keeps up a solid intrigue for an extraordinary work environment by declaring its qualities in its gained social attributes, qualities, and profound culture. Numerous different associations are adjusting these basic ideas subsequent to seeing the accomplishment of this association. Starbucks can keep up this solid hierarchical culture with proceeding with commitment to its workers and clients. Starbucks has made progress in corporate culture and has set the bar high. For some associations this ought to be a reminder to get up to speed. Dynamic Perception is a procedure that all individuals participate in as we travel through the course of occasions in our every day lives. At the point when we meet individuals, settle on business choices, assess exhibitions, or pass decisions, our recognition encompassing such occasions help convince our next course of bearing. It might be said, observation, precise or imperfect, is our existence. Causes that shape or contort our observations tremendously affect the effect of an associations conduct. People, essentially, create discerning easy routes when condemning and arch both constructive and antagonistic impacts. Starbucks has understood this significance in the dynamic procedure of its association and has been fruitful in demonstrating rules to coordinate worker conduct and shape corporate recognition to help in its prosperity. Since Starbucks comprehends that choices can be founded on view of people, affected by childhood, convictions, or current perspective; models are created to direct people through the procedure. The formation of these models makes a standard that is followed to convey an acceptable outcome. These models recognize a need, make a procedure to figure out what capabilities will fulfill the need, distinguish matches to the need, at that point a choice is made on what match best suites the nee

Behavior Management versus Classroom Management

We sometimes make the mistake of interchanging the terms behavior management and classroom management. The two terms are related, one might even say intertwined, but they are different. Classroom management means creating systems that support the kind of positive behavior across a classroom. Behavior management is made strategies and systems that will manage and eliminate difficult behaviors that prevent students from succeeding in an academic environment. A Continuum of Management Strategies and RTI Response To Intervention is built on universal assessment and universal instruction followed by more targeted interventions, Tier 2 which applies research-based strategies, and finally Tier 3, which applies intensive interventions. Response to Intervention also applies to behavior, though since our students have already been identified, they do not participate in RTI. Still, the strategies for our students will be the same. in RTI are universal interventions. This is where classroom management is applied. Positive Behavior Support is about planning for your students to succeed. When we fail to plan . . . we plan to fail. Positive behavior support puts reinforcement in place ahead of time, with explicit identification of preferred behavior and reinforcement. By having these things in place, you avoid the poisonous reactive responses, the Cant you do anything right? or What do you think you are doing? Reactive measures present the danger if not the certainty that you will sour relationships with your students without really solving the problem (or lead to a decrease in the unwanted behavior.) Classroom Management Strategies, to succeed, must include: Consistency: Rules must be reinforced consistently, and reinforcement (rewards) must be delivered consistently and quickly. No changing the rules: If a child earns a five-minute break on the computer, dont take it away because you didnt like how they behaved in line on the way to lunch.Contingency: Students need to understand how consequences and rewards are related to behavior. Clearly define how the consequence or the reward are contingent on the classroom behavior or performance that is expected.No Drama. Delivering a consequence should never involve negative speech or snarky response. Classroom Management Classroom Management Strategies needed to successfully manage your classroom need to include I. Structure: Structure includes rules, visual schedules, classroom job charts, and the way your organize the desks ( Seating Plans) and how you store or provide access to materials. Rules.Seating Plans that support the instruction that you will be using. Rows will not facilitate small group instruction, but islands or clusters may not facilitate the kind of attention you may want for large group instruction.Visual Schedules , everything from sticker charts to encourage work completion to visual daily schedules to support transitions. II. Accountability: You want to make your students accountable for their behavior as a structural underpinning of your management plan. There are a number of straightforward methods to create systems for accountability. A Behavior Chart for a Classroom.Sticker Charts to manage breaks and workflow.A Token System. This will also appear under reinforcement, but it creates a visual way for students to account for completed work. III. Reinforcement: Reinforcement will range from praise to break time. How you reinforce your students work will depend on your students. Some will respond well to secondary reinforcers, like praise, privileges and having their name on a certificate or an honors board. Other students may need more concrete reinforcement, such as access to preferred activities, even food ( for children for whom secondary reinforcement doesnt work. Behavior Management Behavior management refers to managing problem behaviors from specific children. It is helpful to do some Triage to decide what behaviors are creating the most challenges to success in your classroom. Is the problem a specific child, or is it a problem with your classroom management plan? I have found that in many cases addressing a cluster of problem behaviors with a specific strategy may resolve some difficulties while at the same time teaching the replacement behavior. I had ongoing problems with appropriate behavior at group, which I use not only for calendar, but also to support language, instruction, and compliance. I created a time out for reinforcement chart, which has provided the right amount of feedback and consequence to motivate my students to evaluate and improve group behavior At the same time the behaviors of specific students demanded attention and intervention as well. While addressing group issues, it is equally important to address and intervene with individual students. There are a number of different strategies to use to teach the replacement behavior. Behavior management requires two kinds of interventions: proactive and reactive. Proactive approaches involve teaching the replacement, or desired behavior. Proactive approaches involve creating lots of opportunities to use the replacement behavior and reinforce them. Reactive approaches involve creating consequences or punishment for the undesired behavior. Even though the best way to create the behavior you desire is reinforce the replacement behavior, extinguishing a behavior is often not possible in a classroom setting. You need to provide some negative consequences in order to avoid seeing peers adopt a problem behavior because they only see the positive results of the behavior, whether it is tantrumming or work refusal. In order to create successful interventions and to create a Behavior Improvement Plan, there are a number of strategies that will provide success: Positive Strategies Social Narratives: Creating a social narrative that models the replacement behavior with the target student can be a powerful way to remind them of what the replacement behavior should look like. Students love having these social narrative books, and they have proven (Theres lots of data) to be effective in changing behavior.Behavior Contracts A behavior contract will lay out the expected behaviors and both the reward and consequences for specific behaviors. I have found behavior contracts to be an essential part of success, since it involves parents.Home Notes. This might be considered parts of both proactive and reactive responses. Still, providing parents ongoing feedback and providing hourly feedback to students makes this a powerful tool to focus on the desired behavior. Reactive Strategies Consequences. A good system of logical consequences help teach the behavior you want and put everyone on notice that some behaviors are not acceptable.Removal. Part of a reactive plan should include moving children with aggressive or dangerous behavior to another setting with an adult to be sure that education programming continues. Isolation is used in some places, but is increasingly being proscribed by law. It is also ineffective.Time out from Reinforcement. There are several ways to administer a time out from reinforcement plan that does not remove the child from the classroom and exposes them to instruction.Response Cost. Response cost can be used with a token chart, but not necessarily for all children. It works best with students who clearly understand the contingent relationship between the token chart and receiving reinforcement.

Realization of Customer Importance by Firms - 2214 Words

MBUS INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT: Why many firms fail to recognize the importance of customers until they are faced with a crisis? Done by Mohammed Fawas tp023152 word count:2149 Contents Introduction 3 Importance of Customers 3 Word of mouth 3 Feedback from customers 4 Link between loyalty and profitability 4 Reasons why companies fail to realize the importance of customers until they are faced with a crisis 5 An Example: Why U.S Internet giants like E-bay, Amazon, Google and Yahoo failed badly in China 6 Conclusion 9 References 10 Introduction Customers play a key role in the functioning of any business. For a business to function smoothly they should ensure the satisfaction of their customers. Many†¦show more content†¦Companies should be able to retain their customers in order to attain high profitability. It is claimed by Reichheld and Sasser (1990) that a 5 % improvement in customer retention can cause an increase in profitability between 25% and 85%. According to Buchanan and Gilles (1990), loyal customers tend to be less prices sensitive and are satisfied with their relationship with the company and also less likely to switch to competitors. As loyal customers have more experience with the business, they need less assistance, make fewer calls to the call centre and require fewer visits from the sales representative. This reduces cost for the business and increases profit. (Dean, 2004) Reasons why companies fail to realize the importance of customers until they are faced with a crisis Many companies fail to take into consideration the desired needs of the customers which result in their failure. They do not do a proper research of the market which leads to misconceptions and finally the customers switch to other firms from which the desiredShow MoreRelatedFormulation and Implementation of Corporate Strategy Essays709 Words   |  3 Pagesand human organization it is or intends to be, and the nature of the economic and non-economic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities (Ghoshal, Lampel, Mintzberg, Quinn, 2004, pp. 72). This paper will discuss formulating strategy. It will also discuss implementation and its importance. Formulation Corporate strategy has two components; formulation and implementation. Formulation produces a clear set of recommendations that help revise theRead MoreThe Relevance Of An Organization898 Words   |  4 Pagesrelevance that knowledge has in an organization. According to Popsa and Nicula, knowledge is directly proportional to the competence of employees working in a firm. 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Essay about Assessment of Critical Thinking - 976 Words

Assessment of learning can be a meaningful tool for teachers and students during a course to provide feedback to the student about the type and quality of work that is being completed in the course and for the instructor to find areas where the student is having difficulties and so additional materials can be provided or the course modified. The aim of this paper is to define assessment and critical thinking skills, and then review a State University course and suggest different assessments that could be used to demonstrate learning. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing will be the course reviewed, as it is the only course I have previously taken, and therefore the only course which I have assess to the curriculum. Critical thinking is†¦show more content†¦Projects that are then shared with other students provide a method of further learning by collaboration. â€Å"Assessment strategies should be designed so that students apply the course material to their own lives, motivating them to think through and analyze the content for themselves† (Bassendowski Salgado, 2005). The authors go on to encourage instructors to develop new assessment strategies, which utilize technology available today, rather than to use papers which can easily be plagiarized from the ease of internet sources (Bassendowski Salgado, 2005, p. 9). Theoretical Foundations of Nursing- N505-10A utilized the following assessments; weekly assignments, final project, and class participation. Class participation was assessed by online discussion of questions which were posted by the instructor. Guidelines for discussion were posted in the syllabus which included general rules for discussion, grading criteria for discussion which included; quantity of participation, frequency of participation, quality of information, critical thinking and netiquette. Discussion questions were posted at the beginning of the course for all eight weeks, which allowed students time for research and reflection before posting deadlines. Discussion questions required applying theoretical models to current or past nursing practice and experiences. This provided application to personal experience for each student and encouraged collaborative learning, as students alsoShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking Assessment From A Typical College Course1024 Words   |  5 Pages Critical Thinking Assessment IV Name Institution 1. Describe the two ways that students normally study in a typical college course. The college students study by attending lectures and taking on the subject of their interests. 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Ogichidag Essay Example For Students

Ogichidag Essay Ogichidagby. Jim NorthrupI was born in war, WW Two. Listened as the old men told storiesof getting gassed in the trenches, WW One. Saw my uncles come back fromGuadalcanal, North Africa and the battle of the Bulge. Memorized war stories my cousins told of Korea. Felt the fear in their voices. Finally it was my turn,my brothers too. Joined the marines in the timefor the Cuban Missile Crisis Heard the crack of riflesin the rice paddies south of Da Nang. Watched my friends die there then tasted the bitterness of the only war America ever lost My son is now a warrior. Will I listen to his war stories or cry to his open grave. This is the poem that Jim Northrup wrote about war. I am going to Explicate the poem and examine the message that he is trying to express and the language that he uses to get his point across. The poem is about a person who whole life is about war. He was born during World War I. He herd the old men tell the stories of what happened when they were in World War II. All of his family members went to some war in their life time. His Uncles Guadalcanal, North Africa and the battle of the Bulge, his Cousins stories of Korea. Then finally it was his and his brothers turn, they had joined the marines just in time for the for the Cuban Missile crisis. After that his friends going to Vietnam tasting defeat the only war that America has ever lost. Finally it is his sons turn and he gets the other end of the deal. He doesnt know if his son will be able to tell him his stories of his war or if he will have to cry at his grave. The author was giving a message then at the end of the poem it changes. He was giving the message that war happens to everybody and that they will have to go to war at some point in there life. The problem is that they dont know the bourdon that it puts on the p eople that he has supported and been supported by until his son is sent of. He gets a totally different feeling when he doesnt know what could happen to his son. He gets his message across by proving that every body has something to do with war wether they like it or not. Your parents might have been to war, if not them then your uncles, cousins, friends, or your neighbors(old men). Then if it isnt them it could be your child who is going and the feeling is different, you lose the feeling of security when you cant protect your child. He uses language that everybody can relate to. Then he used well known events that most people have heard of like; WWI, WWII, Korean Conflict, Vietnam, and then the gulf war. The poem Ogichidag by Jim Northrup. I explicated the poem above and told the message that the writer was trying to get across with the language he used to get it across.

Uses of Technology in Music Education Essay Example

Uses of Technology in Music Education Essay Technology has played a huge part in the musical section of my education, more so than any other subject. While the main use of technology in most subjects is computer technology, I experienced many other kinds of technology while learning about music.One of the ideas that I have for music education in the future is for students to be able to compose original background sounds for classroom readings and dramatizations. There will be software programs designed to be used specifically by young children. With these programs music will be composed using non-traditional means such as drawing lines to compose a melody. Students will be able to arrange a piece of music using a MIDI sequencer to change instruments and timbres. They will also be able to experiment with different combinations of sounds using a MIDI sequencer to alter the elements and characteristics of the music. Melody, harmony, rhythm, timbre, and form, will be isolated, changed, and elements such as ritards, accelerandos, a nd crescendos will be created and controlled. In short, I hope to make it simple and easy for young children to enjoy the wonderful feeling of composing a piece of music.Notation software such as Finale, Sibelius and Garage Band enable students to compose or arrange for voices and/or instruments. They provide a way to listen to a composition as it is being composed and to print legible scores and parts. Using notation software can enhance compositions using a variety of instruments and ranges. Students can play back their compositions using a variety of timbres. Notes can be entered in step time or real time. Using notation software rather than composing by hand allows the composer to hear the composition as it is being written and to make quick, clean changes to the piece. Other types of software are accompanying software. This includes Band-in-a-Box and MakeMusic/Coda which will actually accompany the player as he or she plays a solo. This technology greatly improved my ability to perform solo recitals and to prepare for them.A simple form of technology is the hammer, which is a form of a lever. Hammers can be found everywhere from a construction workers belt to the inside of a piano. The hammers that are found in a piano do not hit nails but strings. The keys on the keyboard are hinged to small hammers with soft-ended heads that hit the strings. Learning to play the piano is vastly important in learning about music and how to understand music. It is far easier to see intervals on a piano keyboard than it is on any other instrument. The teacher has an easier time using a keyboard to show an interval than they would playing it on an instrument because the keyboard not only allows the interval to be seen but also heard.A new piece of technology that also proves to be a very effective in teaching music is an iPod. iPods help the public by condensing DVD and CD collections. They also help music teachers when the teacher is giving a listening example. My personal experience with an iPod being used as a teaching tool was in an ethnomusicology class in high school. My teacher was able to quickly and easily transition between pieces and songs that we as a class had to analyze and compare. When comparing two pieces, it is easiest to compare them if they are heard in quick succession, which an iPod allows to happen.If the same thing were to be attempted using two different CDs, then it would be much harder to compare the two pieces because of a much larger gap between the two listenings. The iPod also helps with finding songs more quickly. It takes much less time to find a song on an iPod where you can search alphabetically by title, artist, composer, album, or by play list. This process takes much more time when searching through a CD collection. Because my teacher was able to use an iPod rather than CDs, the class was much more efficient and insightful.One of the most helpful tools a music teacher can use when teaching students how to play a p iece correctly is a metronome. This tool is used to keep a beat at a steady tempo and the more expensive ones can also sub-divide the beat into any number of parts and even serve as a tuner as well. Metronomes started out as non-electric, wound up boxes that had a pendulum with a weight at the top. Instead of swinging back and forth with the weight situated at the bottom of the pendulum, a metronomes pendulum would rock back and forth. The lower the weight was placed, the faster the tempo. These metronomes were not as helpful as modern metronomes because of their inability to sub-divide the beat. Young musicians often find it VERY hard to keep a steady tempo so a metronome is the perfect tool for a music teacher to use to improve this skill.Technology obviously has made teaching and learning about music much easier. I hope that in the future, I will be able to help advance more music technology and further improve the ease with which music is taught.

Free Essays on Centaur Solutions, Inc. Invades New Orleans

Over the past few years New Orleans’ politics have lured software and technology business to the Crescent City. Although the job market has opened up for those seeking employment, most new employers are seeking employees with computer skills more demanding than checking email. Centaur Solutions, Inc. (CSI) is a software training and consulting corporation located in New Orleans, Louisiana. CSI is attempting to tap into the city’s lack of technology professionals. The owner/founder of CSI has been an instructor for the University of New Orleans’ Metropolitan College for several years. During which time he has taught numerous New Orleans professionals with little or no computer skills, including seminars for local businesses. Beginning my research with locating the current market demand for CSI in New Orleans, I decided to gather information on the action this city plans to take. According to former mayor Marc Morial, â€Å"New Orleans may not be synonymous with the information technology driven new economy, but it will be by 2020.† Technology companies have the freedom to set their roots wherever they choose, but research shows they’re looking for communities with plenty of amenities (NOWIB 2003). New Orleans is offering these industries a new home filled with affordable housing, unparalleled culture and history, and an energetic work force well equipped for the global economy (Hathaway 2001). Although the colleges and universities within New Orleans produce a high volume of graduates, New Orleans has been exporting talents for the last 20 years, and thereby producing a brain drain because there are no real jobs to keep people in New Orleans. However the sudden interest in promoting new technology jobs has increased the demand for qualified employees. Now the balance has shifted with more jobs available and less qualified applicants. Searching the web for jobs in New Orleans, over 60% of all jobs required some type of computer l... Free Essays on Centaur Solutions, Inc. Invades New Orleans Free Essays on Centaur Solutions, Inc. Invades New Orleans Over the past few years New Orleans’ politics have lured software and technology business to the Crescent City. Although the job market has opened up for those seeking employment, most new employers are seeking employees with computer skills more demanding than checking email. Centaur Solutions, Inc. (CSI) is a software training and consulting corporation located in New Orleans, Louisiana. CSI is attempting to tap into the city’s lack of technology professionals. The owner/founder of CSI has been an instructor for the University of New Orleans’ Metropolitan College for several years. During which time he has taught numerous New Orleans professionals with little or no computer skills, including seminars for local businesses. Beginning my research with locating the current market demand for CSI in New Orleans, I decided to gather information on the action this city plans to take. According to former mayor Marc Morial, â€Å"New Orleans may not be synonymous with the information technology driven new economy, but it will be by 2020.† Technology companies have the freedom to set their roots wherever they choose, but research shows they’re looking for communities with plenty of amenities (NOWIB 2003). New Orleans is offering these industries a new home filled with affordable housing, unparalleled culture and history, and an energetic work force well equipped for the global economy (Hathaway 2001). Although the colleges and universities within New Orleans produce a high volume of graduates, New Orleans has been exporting talents for the last 20 years, and thereby producing a brain drain because there are no real jobs to keep people in New Orleans. However the sudden interest in promoting new technology jobs has increased the demand for qualified employees. Now the balance has shifted with more jobs available and less qualified applicants. Searching the web for jobs in New Orleans, over 60% of all jobs required some type of computer l...

Develop and describe your personal theory of human development, Essay

Develop and describe your personal theory of human development, drawing from and citing the theorists and theories studied in classes - Essay Example The different clusters of theories provide useful insight among people and societies, in not only human growth or development, but also thought and behavior. Freud Sigmund was among the core proprietors of psychoanalytic theories relative to human development. Freud’s believe was that experiences as child affected a person’s overall development even as a youth. This belief influenced other psychologists who put additional effort on Freud’s theory. Consequentially, other psychologists came up with their own theories such as the eight-stage theory of human development by Erikson (Saul, 2013). Today, these theories are more prevalent and popular in cognitive development studies. Behaviorism, a commonly known school of thought today, became popular early in the 20th Century and after introduction in the faculty of psychology, learning theories have become prevalent too. The reason was that psychologists studying behavior felt the urge to put extensive attention on observable and quantifiable behaviors. This did not only create a different perception on human development but also made psychology appear as a more scientific discipline. Relatively, learning theories under a behavioral perspective focus on environmental influences that impact on human development. However, some of the behaviorists argue that erudition transpires only through developments of interaction and fortification. Bandura’s theories are entirely against this perception and lean mainly on the effects of observational learning. Lastly, the cognitive theories of human development focus on how the thinking process and psychological procedures stimulates a person’s development and transformation. Among the most renowned theorists of cognitive human development is Jean Piaget who formed her foundation on the notion that children do not receive information alone but are also scientists who have different perception of the world from their understanding and individually

Cultural artifact about Korean War in 1950 Essay

Cultural artifact about Korean War in 1950 - Essay Example d into a full-blown war pitching the USA against international communism, considering that North Korea was a USSR backed territory, while South Korea was pro-west (US Department of State n.p.). While the Korean War of 1950 has not been publicized like the Vietnam and the Second World Wars, it remains the bloodiest war that was fought for a short period, yet claimed more civilians’ lives than either the Vietnam or the World War II. The war occurred during a period of heightened tension between the USA and the Soviet Union in Cold War. Thus, despite the fact that the Korean War was a war between the North and the South Korea, it remains the height of the Cold War tension. Thus, the Korean War of 1950 impacted the world by changing the world map through the creation of two sovereign states from the Korean peninsula, increased the Cold War tension globally by posing the threat of the outbreak of World War III and elevated the logistical, weaponry and equipment status of the Chines e military. The Korean War started on June 1950, through the aggression of the North Korea against the South Korea, after its troops crossed over the boundary between the two territories, and took the war the South Korean soil. The tension between North and South Korea had been there for long before the war. In addition, there was international interest in this conflict from the onset of the separation of Korea into the north and the south, considering the fact that China and Japan had previously shown interests in controlling the Korean territory (Naval History and Heritage Command n.p.). Russia had also fought with Japan for the control of the Korean territory, but Russia was defeated in this war in 1910, after which Japan Annexed Korea as its colony, and ruled it until the end of World War II. The separation of South Korea from North Korea had occurred in 1945, when the foreign interested parties resolved to have Korea separated along the 38th parallel as a temporary measure, until a

Organization Behavior Analysis Essay Example for Free

Organization Behavior Analysis Essay Consequently, in the United States, organizational behavior and management researchers started studying the role that culture plays in the business community. The investigation led to some confusion. Some believed that the national culture of Japan was the driving force behind the competitive successes of businesses in that country. To others, however, it was the cultures of specific companies that created the advantage. My Company uses the Pluralism method. The first distinction to be made when studying culture is the level of analysis—a nation versus a specific company. An individual company constitutes the level of analysis. Therefore, organizational culture consists of a set of shared meanings and values held by a set of members in an organization that distinguish the organization from other organizations. An organizations culture determines how it perceives and reacts to the larger environment (Becker, 1982; Schein, 1996). Culture determines the nature of an individuals experience in an organization in both for-profit companies and nonprofit enterprises. Over time, employees find out how the company works, what is rewarded, and what is punished. Questions, answers, myths, stories, and jargon all become part of the organizational experience. When the person matches the organizational type, the fit produces the best chances for individual success. Company leaders enjoy distinct advantages when an organization exhibits a positive culture. Positive cultures are democratic and progressive. They nurture and value the contributions of members. Positive cultures tend to be more flexible and adaptable, making the organization better able to meet the challenges of a dynamic world (Benn, 2011). Organizational leaders have vested interests in trying to build positive cultures over time. Some studies suggest that culture can play a larger role in employee motivation than pay (Gifford, Zammuto, Goodman, Hill, 2002). Organizational culture can help managers reach their goals while helping employees adapt to company life. The benefits of a positive culture include stability, employee self-management, and assistance in integrating new employees into the workplace. †¢Communicating with the IRS for a taxpayer regarding the taxpayers rights, privileges, or liabilities under laws and regulations administered by the IRS. †¢Representing a taxpayer at conferences, hearings, or meetings with the IRS. Preparing and filing documents, including tax returns, with the IRS for a taxpayer. †¢Providing a client with written advice which has a potential for tax avoidance or evasion. Furnishing information at the request of the IRS or appearing as a witness for the taxpayer is not practice before the IRS. Other individuals who may serve as representatives. Because of their special relationship with a taxpayer, the following individuals can represent the specified taxpayers before the IRS, provided they present satisfactory identification and, except in the case of an individual described in (1) below, proof of authority to represent the taxpayer. An individual. An individual can represent himself or herself before the IRS and does not have to file a written declaration of qualification and authority. 2. A family member. An individual can represent members of his or her immediate family. Immediate family includes a spouse, child, parent, brother, or sister of the individual. 3. An officer. A bona fide officer of a corporation (including a parent, subsidiary, or other affiliated corporation), association, or organized group can represent the corporation, association, or organized group. An officer of a governmental unit, agency, or authority, in the course of his or her official duties, can represent the organization before the IRS. 4. A partner. A general partner may represent the partnership before the IRS. 5. An employee. A regular full-time employee can represent his or her employer. An employer can be, but is not limited to, an individual, partnership, corporation (including a parent, subsidiary, or other affiliated corporation), association, trust, receivership, guardianship, estate, organized group, governmental unit, agency, or authority. . A fiduciary. A fiduciary (trustee, executor, personal representative, administrator, receiver, or guardian) stands in the position of a taxpayer and acts as the taxpayer, not as a representative. Submit a power of attorney when you want to authorize an individual to represent you before the IRS, whether or not the representative performs any of the other acts cited earlier under What Is a Power of Attorney. A power of attorney is most often required when you want to authorize another individual to perform at least one of the following acts on your behalf. . Represent you at a meeting with the IRS. 2. Prepare and file a written response to the IRS. Every day organizational operations involve processes and activities that are construed by many as distasteful or unpleasant parts of employment because they involve the use of authority, power, or politics. The word politics has a negative connotation for many people. Although they may try to avoid political situations, wishing them away is not possible. Furthermore, not every use of power has a negative intention or outcome. Managers can exert power to achieve legitimate organizational goals. The end result may be an increase or decrease in personal power, and the events may be construed as being political or simply as doing his or her job. I think that this brings out a positive outcome. The three types of authority are line authority, staff authority, and functional authority. Line authority is direct, formal authority, as indicated by the vertical lines of an organization chart. Staff authority consists of the right to advise, or give advice. Functional authority is the right to direct but not to discipline. It emerges when an individual has been assigned a leadership role on a task force, project team, or committee. The type of authority that Internal Revenue Service is mainly line authority. I think that this brings out a positive outcome. Employee responsibility, or accountability, is the obligation to carry out tasks as assigned by the supervisor. Each individual in a company is responsible to the manager at the next level up in the organizations hierarchy. The concept of parity of authority and responsibility states that equal levels of authority and responsibility should exist in each position (Fayol, 1916). Anyone who has authority should be held accountable for how that authority is used. Anyone being held responsible should have sufficient authority to get the job done. This is done in a positive manner. It gets the job done. If a manager motivates the unit, it brings out a positive outcome. A pleasant and positive job context contributes to individual and company success by enabling employees to do their best work. Through processes such as mentoring and rewarding, which help to build self-efficacy and self-esteem in individual workers, motivated behaviors can be increased. A company with an unpleasant physical environment, poor reward system, unqualified or inept supervisors, or counterproductive cultural norms limits motivated behaviors (Kamdar Van Dyne, 2007). Emotional Intelligence explains why, despite equal intellectual capacity, training, or experience, some people excel while others of the same caliber lag behind. Certain competencies are found repeatedly in high performers at all levels, from customer service representatives to CEOs. As trainers we must find ways to build these talents labeled EQ (emotional intelligence quotients). Research has shown that emotional intelligence, which encompasses self confidence, can be developed through things like awareness, training, coaching, and practice. That is why a growing number of organizations in the US and around the world is investing in providing their managers with training in emotional intelligence. The conclusion then is that if you are looking to build your self confidence as an important step toward achieving your dreams in life, you should consider taking some training or coaching that helps you develop your emotional intelligence. If you are a trainer or a coach, you should consider adding emotional intelligence to your offerings to help your clients build the confidence to achieve their dreams. The application of the New Sciences to the management of organizations in the age of hyper competition will also be investigated, in order to see whether it could improve our understanding and insight into the modern business organization. Due to the fact that this is a new and exciting way of managing a business, the amount of research literature available is limited. As always, when entering such uncharted waters, more questions will be raised than answers given, but this is indicative of a new concept, and leaves room for more intensive research which will provide a greater understanding of the value added by this management paradigm. Margaret Wheatley (1994) turns to the New Sciences to demonstrate how some of the issues discussed above might be accommodated. She shows how the New Sciences including Quantum Physics, Chaos Theory, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology provide insights into transforming how organizations organize work, people and life, in order to meet the strategic imperatives defined by DAveni. In particular, Wheatley draws on the New Sciences to apply scientific concepts to the problems of order/ change: autonomy/ control: structure/ flexibility: and planning/ innovation within organizations, and in so doing, calls, respectively, for free-flowing information, individual empowerment, relationship networks, and organizational change that evolves organically. This new approach to organizations is a dramatic shift away from thinking of organizations in mechanistic terms, as collections of replaceable parts, where leadership seeks prediction and control. A paradigm shift like this can only take place successfully if the necessary tools and mechanisms are available to support the application of the fundamental insights, offered by the New Sciences, to the complex adaptive system, i. e. the Organization . Conclusion  In summary, career development includes all efforts and activities conducted by individual employees and the organization to help each person choose and follow the best path. The primary concepts that apply to personal success are building an ethical foundation, becoming involved in training and preparation, finding the right person-organization fit, engaging in continuous improvement, and achieving balance. Organizational needs also must be met to fully achieve a quality career development system. The age of the virtual organization is fast becoming a reality. The implications of this have to be dealt with urgently in the new millennium, as the adoption of ever newer technologies and the emerging trends discussed earlier will continue to manifest at an exponential rate. What is also clear is that the traditional management framework is increasingly proving itself incapable of satisfactorily dealing with the new market reality: Conventional theories and practices no longer provide the necessary guidance and support for decision-making in a world of change, complexity and uncertainty. It is this, then, that is driving the move towards a new management paradigm, in terms of which the management function will be radically redefined to take emerging realities into consideration. If companies are to prosper to be drivers of their industries they will need to proactively embrace a new management philosophy that is cognizant of the dynamics of information science, accelerating change, a borderless world, the holistic approach, the New Sciences, as well as the growth of technology, and, in the words of Vernor Vinge,the dawn of the Technological Singularity.

Mathematics of the Eye and Color Essay examples -- Math

Eye And Color The eye form a â€Å"optical image† on the light sensitive cell of the retina. It is very often compared to a camera in it so workings. However it is like a camera in its focusing properties but is very different after the light has hit the retina. The camera just prints a point to point representation of the image on film, where as the is much more complex and interesting. The visible light is only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and various wavelength in this visible spectrum of light represent different colors. Short wavelength light is reddish, medium wavelength light is greenish and long wavelength light is bluish. This make apparent in the a schematic of electromagnetic radiation below. The various structures of the eye refract the light entering the eye to focus is on the photosensitive retina. This structure are like the lenses we studied in class. Path The light takes * Cornea - The transparent tissue (part of the sclera) towards the front of the eye. Nearly a spherical and accounts for 43 of 59 of the dioptric power of the eye. Light must pass through the cornea to enter the interior of the eye. Imperfection in the spherical shape of the eye, astigmatism, result in vision problems. * Pupil- opening to the interior of the eye is controlled by the iris. Iris is the thing pigmented smooth muscle part of the choroid. Pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye by dilating or constricting. The diameter of the pupil can range from 2mm to 8mm. * Aqueous Humor- The liquid between the cornea and lens that has a refractive index (1.336) very close to water. * Lens-flexible tissue suspended from colliery muscles which can be used for accommodation. ... ... for all the visual phenomenon, remember the trick with the four colorful squares towards the beginning of the section. That phenomenon and many other like can not be explained with tricromatic theory alone, so a combination of tricromatic theory and opposition theory are used to explain vision. But the trichromatic system works at the retinal level where as the opposition is at the cerebral level. References Used * Human Physiology by Laurlee Sherwood * Color Vision and Colorimetry by Daniel Malacara * The Perception of Light and Colour by C.A Padgham and J.E Saunders * http://www.adobe.com/support/techguides/color/colormodels/main.html * Perception: Mechanims and Models by Richar Held and Whitman Richards * http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/visioncon.html#c1 Mathematics of the Eye and Color Essay examples -- Math Eye And Color The eye form a â€Å"optical image† on the light sensitive cell of the retina. It is very often compared to a camera in it so workings. However it is like a camera in its focusing properties but is very different after the light has hit the retina. The camera just prints a point to point representation of the image on film, where as the is much more complex and interesting. The visible light is only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and various wavelength in this visible spectrum of light represent different colors. Short wavelength light is reddish, medium wavelength light is greenish and long wavelength light is bluish. This make apparent in the a schematic of electromagnetic radiation below. The various structures of the eye refract the light entering the eye to focus is on the photosensitive retina. This structure are like the lenses we studied in class. Path The light takes * Cornea - The transparent tissue (part of the sclera) towards the front of the eye. Nearly a spherical and accounts for 43 of 59 of the dioptric power of the eye. Light must pass through the cornea to enter the interior of the eye. Imperfection in the spherical shape of the eye, astigmatism, result in vision problems. * Pupil- opening to the interior of the eye is controlled by the iris. Iris is the thing pigmented smooth muscle part of the choroid. Pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye by dilating or constricting. The diameter of the pupil can range from 2mm to 8mm. * Aqueous Humor- The liquid between the cornea and lens that has a refractive index (1.336) very close to water. * Lens-flexible tissue suspended from colliery muscles which can be used for accommodation. ... ... for all the visual phenomenon, remember the trick with the four colorful squares towards the beginning of the section. That phenomenon and many other like can not be explained with tricromatic theory alone, so a combination of tricromatic theory and opposition theory are used to explain vision. But the trichromatic system works at the retinal level where as the opposition is at the cerebral level. References Used * Human Physiology by Laurlee Sherwood * Color Vision and Colorimetry by Daniel Malacara * The Perception of Light and Colour by C.A Padgham and J.E Saunders * http://www.adobe.com/support/techguides/color/colormodels/main.html * Perception: Mechanims and Models by Richar Held and Whitman Richards * http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/visioncon.html#c1

Mock interview

Johnson, and we talked a little bit about that company which was about how great that company is. I love Johnson & Johnson this company a lot. It survived from World War One, the Great Depression , and World War Two. And it is coming much and much stronger, more than ever. We went through some Traditional Interview Questions as well. When he asked me, â€Å"do you prefer working on a team or as an individual contributor? I basically combined my own working experience with it, and I said â€Å"l actually more enjoy working on a team rather than an individual contributor, because I used to work In a restaurant before which Is not a one person's Job, it takes many people and time to work on it, to manage it, and run It. † As myself, I take every firm and company as a big running machine, and each stuff members are working as a small part and component of this machine. Everyone Is involved, and everyone Is Important as well.In order to make this machine runs, each part and compon ent Is Indispensable. It may start to running If without some part or component, but It won't work as well as If everyone Is Involved. It was a great experience to having an Interview with him. The whole Interviewing didn't take too long, and it was only about 20 minutes. But he gave me a very good Impression from the beginning to the end. It Is very Important to have such a mock Interview before we take the real Interview with some big companies. It Isn't Just gave me the experience, but It also gives me the courage.

Metro Rail Services At Kochi City - 1125 Words

1 Executive Summary This project discusses the Metro rail services to be build in Kochi city. Rapid urbanization and intense commercial developments in the recent past have resulted in steep rise in travel demand, putting Kochi’s transport infrastructure to stress. With mega projects such as ‘SMART CITY, ‘INFO PARK’, ‘FASHION CITY’ and â€Å"Vellarpadam Container Terminal†, etc. on the anvil, travel demand is expected to shoot up, strengthening the need for augmenting the transport infrastructure in Kochi region. In the absence of a mass transport system, there has been a steep increase in the number of personalized motor vehicles in GCDA area. The number of registered motor vehicles in this area was 68,271 in 1987 and it grown to 4,46,959 in the year 2003. 64% of these vehicles are two wheelers. This large number of motor vehicles is resulting in rise in air pollution, increased number of road accidents, and slowing down of average vehicular speeds. Peak hour traffic demand on Alwaye-Petta Corridor has been assessed as 13,681 phpdt for the year 2015 and this is likely to increase 21065 phpdt by the year 2025. Road-based public transport, therefore, can not meet this demand. There is an urgent need to introduce a light Metro system in the city to provide fast, safe, economic, and environment-friendly mode for mass movement of passengers. Carrying capacity of Light Metro System is upto 25,000 phpdt, which will be adequate to take care of the traffic problems for Greater CochinShow MoreRelatedAbout Visakhapatnam4847 Words   |  20 PagesVishakhapatnam and often abbreviated to Vizag) is a port city on the southeast coast of India and often called The Jewel of the East Coast . With a population of 2,035,690,[1] and occupying 681 square kilometres (263 sq mi),[2] it is the second largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the third largest city on the east coast of India (after Chennai and Kolkata). Visakhapatnam is located 625 kilometres (388 mi) east of the state capital, Hyderabad. The city is home to severalstate-owned heavy industriesRead MoreNagpur6776 Words   |  28 PagesPolice Commisioner – Mr Kaushal Pathak Area : Captital City – 217.65 km2 Metro – 3,780 km2 Population : Metropolitan City – 4,405,421 Rank – 13 Density – 20,000/km2 (52,000/sq mi) Metro – 2,583,911 Vehicle Registration : Vehicle registration MH31 – Ngp West; MH49 – Nagpur East; MH40 – Nagpur Metro * Nagpur is the winter capital of the state of Maharashtra. * a fast growing metropolis and third largest city in Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune. * With a populationRead MoreA Study on Role of Advertisement in Promotion of Tourism in India15524 Words   |  63 Pagesadvertising cannot guarantee success, but it certainly increases its chances. Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Advertising has three basic objectives: * To  inform  customers about new products, experiences, services and other information that they need to be know. * To  persuade  customers to purchase a destination or product, to perceive a destination or product differently or change a brand preference (as an example to perhaps change a customer’s preferenceRead Moreâ€Å"Ratio Analysis and Comparative Study of Financials of Iocl with Its Competitors†13708 Words   |  55 Pagesâ€â€"GLOBAL 500‘listing. One of the NAVRATNAcompanies. Besides having a dominant market share, Indian Oil is widely recognized as India‘s dominant energy brand and customers perceive Indian Oil as a reliable symbol for high quality products and services. Indian Oil has been meeting India‘s energy demands for over 5 decades. This oil concern is administratively controlled by Indias Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, a government entity that owns just over 90 percent of the firm. Since 1959Read MorePrimary Sector of Economy17717 Words   |  71 Pagesdirect use of natural resources. This includes agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, and extraction of oil and gas. This is contrasted with the secondary sector, producing manufactures and other processed goods, and the tertiary sector, producing services. The primary sector is usually most important in less developed countries, and typically less important in industrial countries. The manufacturing industries that aggregate, pack, package, purify or process the raw materials close to the primary