Flood Stories of the Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Christian Bible :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

The Flood Stories of Gilgamesh and the BibleThe amazing stories of the great flood that atomic number 18 described in The Epic of Gilgamesh which is translated by N.K. Sandars and The Story of the Flood which is the King James version, both stories correspondingly. Many of the events of each story are very similar in ways and very different in some of them. From reading both stories I concluded that there was a huge flood that took govern in that area of the world. Even though the way both stories describe the flood The Epic of Gilgamesh is more imaginable. I say that because it is more realistic to pee-pee rain for 6 days, six nights than for forty days, forty nights. Both flood stories have a major similarity and difference though. Both stories described the alike(p) flood but they did it in different ways. One difference that backs it up is in The Epic of Gilgamesh the rains that cause the floods only last six days, six nights and in The Flood Story in Genesis the rains last forty days, forty nights. A quote that tells about the flood is when Utnapishtim said, For six days and six nights the pourboire blew, torrent and tempest and flood overwhelmed the world, tempest and flood raged together like warring hosts (pg. 25). This quote by Utnapishtim describes how bad the weather, rains, and wind were during the six days and six nights of the storm. On the other hand in The Story of the Flood it rained for forty days, forty nights. While God was talking to Noah he said, For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth (pg. 48 line 4). This quote describes how long God will have the rain go for. It also says that he is doing it to destroy all of mankind. After reading the two stories I concluded that forty days and forty nights was too long for it to rain without stopping that is why the flood in Gilgamesh is more realistic. Th e length of the rains in the flood story in The Epic of Gilgamesh is easier for someone to believe than the length of the rains in Genesis. Even though the stories were different there was many similarities in the stories.

Adaptation of Renewable Energy Essay -- Renewable Energy

Renewable get-up-and-go is generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. On October 5, 2010 the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) approved the set-back sizeable solar energy plants to be built in California which will be divided into two developments totaling 6,800 acres of public land. This project is estimated to conk 30 years while generating almost 1,000 new jobs. The solar energy technology that will be used in Californias lofty County is called the sterling energy systems SunCatcher technology. It will require 28,360 solar dishes and will produce approximately 709 megawatts which will provide electricity to 212,700 to 531,750 homes. The second project is called the Chevron lucerne Valley Solar Project and will use solar photovoltaic technology in San Bernardino County using 40,500 solar panels, producing 45 megawatts, and military forceing 13,500 to 33,750 homes. Another project plotted for the San Bernardino County will use parabolic mirrors and create 250 megawatts of power. in that location are several solar power projects still awaiting DOI approval, such as a gibibyte megawatt blythe solar power project consisting of a parabolic trough facility. This is slated to be the worlds biggest solar power plant. Companies who work on renewable energy projects receive credits from The Ameri tail Recovery and Reinvestment Act. ( EERE Network News)More countries are putting the transformation of solar power into electricity high on their policy-making agenda (Solar Energy). In America, less than one percent of electrical use is powered from solar energy. European countries however, are eager to use solar power and promote that by making utility companies purchase expensive solar power at a fixed cost. The leadin... ...will decrease as it has slowly started to do. There are many countries in the world that was to cut down on the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the air and the more countries that get on board with that wherefore they sooner the world will start switching over. There is still a long way to go before renewable energy can become the dominant energy source.Works CitedEERE Network News. Interior Department Approves First Solar Energy Projects on Public Land. 08 10 2010. 13 12 2010 .Fife, Mike. Solar Power. Solar Power Reliability and Balance-of-System Designs 14 10 2010.Pebbles, Victoria. Siting Wind Farms in the not bad(p) Lakes Region Policy Summary and Analysis. Siting Wind Farms in the Great Lakes Region Policy Summary and Analysis 15 10 2010.Solar Energy. Solar Energy. New York New York Times, 1 4 2010.

Gulliver’s Travels and Phaedra †Passion or Reason :: Gullivers Travels Essays

  Gullivers Travels and Phaedra resentment or Reason   Do you etymon your decisions on sexual love or reason? The way one bases his or her decisions affects the quality and happiness of his or her life. neither passion nor reason should be the resole basis for ones philosophy or lifestyle, because passion without reason is uncontrollable, and reason without passion takes the spark out of life. Works much(prenominal) as Phaedra and Gullivers Travels show that either original will likely result in chaos and unhappiness, teaching one to pull from both sides.   In Racines Phaedra, the characters baptistry problems that are caused by their passions, in a society based on reason and the roles they play in it. Phaedra finds that she loves Hippolytus, who is her stepson, and she feels guilty about it, because it goes against the grain of society. She is crazed with the passion she feels, and convinces herself, for a time, that she should die without telling anyone, so that her shame is not made worse by being known to others. Phaedra says, my frenzied loves burst forth in act and word. Ive spoken what should never chip in been heard (Phaedra 181). This shows how much she regrets her decision to verbalize her feelings, because she knows she spoke out of passion instead of reason. Her indignity is so loyal in her heart that she cannot even let herself take the responsibility for it. Phaedra claims that, the Gods have robbed her wits(Phaedra 168) as a way of passing the blame on to person else in an effort to remove some of the dishonor from herself and onto the Gods. Eventually, she gives into the passion she is feeling, and tells Hippolytus how she feels. Her passion horrifies Hippolytus, because of the wrongness of the situation. Phaedra is so bound to a world of reason that once she decides to look her feelings she removes her boundaries all together, forgetting how serious the affects on other people are going to be. Meanwhile Hippolytus finds strength of will, driven by passion, to pursue the woman he loves, who was banned by his father Theseus. Hippolytus says, my reason cant harness in my heart (Phaedra 176) when he is thinking about the crime he is committing against his father because of his love for Aricia.Gullivers Travels and Phaedra Passion or Reason Gullivers Travels Essays   Gullivers Travels and Phaedra Passion or Reason   Do you base your decisions on passion or reason? The way one bases his or her decisions affects the quality and happiness of his or her life. Neither passion nor reason should be the sole basis for ones philosophy or lifestyle, because passion without reason is uncontrollable, and reason without passion takes the spark out of life. Works such as Phaedra and Gullivers Travels show that either extreme will likely result in chaos and unhappiness, teaching one to pull from both sides.   In Racines Phaedra, the characters face problem s that are caused by their passions, in a society based on reason and the roles they play in it. Phaedra finds that she loves Hippolytus, who is her stepson, and she feels guilty about it, because it goes against the grain of society. She is crazed with the passion she feels, and convinces herself, for a time, that she should die without telling anyone, so that her shame is not made worse by being known to others. Phaedra says, my frenzied loves burst forth in act and word. Ive spoken what should never have been heard (Phaedra 181). This shows how much she regrets her decision to verbalize her feelings, because she knows she spoke out of passion instead of reason. Her indignity is so strong in her heart that she cannot even let herself take the responsibility for it. Phaedra claims that, the Gods have robbed her wits(Phaedra 168) as a way of passing the blame on to someone else in an effort to remove some of the dishonor from herself and onto the Gods. Eventually, sh e gives into the passion she is feeling, and tells Hippolytus how she feels. Her passion horrifies Hippolytus, because of the wrongness of the situation. Phaedra is so bound to a world of reason that once she decides to explore her feelings she removes her boundaries all together, forgetting how serious the affects on other people are going to be. Meanwhile Hippolytus finds strength of will, driven by passion, to pursue the woman he loves, who was banned by his father Theseus. Hippolytus says, my reason cant rein in my heart (Phaedra 176) when he is thinking about the crime he is committing against his father because of his love for Aricia.

Drugs Essay -- essays research papers

The United States is by far the richest and most powerful country in the world. We citizens necessitate for granted luxuries that people of other countries can only dream. Yet in our society there argon serious social issues that for reasons unknown are not being addressed. One of the most important issues that typical politicians are afraid to address is that of what to do with the nations illegal drug problems. Although we hear basis like "The War on Drugs" and "Drug Treatment", a fresh approach to this issue is needs to come soon.      The country should sop up a sassy look at drug legalization as a solution to a problem that has been long out of check over. Addiction and drug abuse are such buzzwords these days that a clarification is needed of what is meant by these terms. Addiction has crossed the line from being defined as a physical habituation on drugs to include such classifications as religious addiction, shopping addiction, food addiction, work addiction, television addiction, and love addiction. Although a person may feel that he or she cant live without their particular "addiction", there is no scientific proof or medical test for an addict. To keep things in the broadest perspective, addiction will be defined here as the continual repetition of a norm aloney non-problematic behavior to self-destructive access.      Since addiction is believed to be a social problem then an attempt at cutting off the source of addiction, drugs in this case, is thought to cure the problem. If that be the case then looseness and food abusers should be treated the same as addicts. Since drug legalization is the topic of this essay let us focus on alternatives to the "War on Drugs". One possibility for controlling drug abuse is to legalize illegal drugs. In the 1920s alcohol was made illegal by the eighteenth amendment, wear known as prohibition. From it stemmed all sort of crime, illegal alcohol sales, gang controlled territories, police shootings and above all, most people continued to drink. In discriminate to todays society where drugs are illegal there is not much difference. We have the same type of violent crime and gang control as in the twenties, and people continue to use drugs. Countries where alcohol is considered a normal part of life, such as Greece and Italy, have low occurren... ...ontrols and regulation in the hands of the government to protect the vulnerable from dangerous drug dealers. The argument that drug users are criminals does not hold up since these law-abiding citizens dont break other laws.      One more area that legalization will affect is that of race. Black people are ten times more believably to be imprisoned for drug offences than whites. Some police officers discriminate and use racial stereotyping in whom they arrest. It would force blacks into other enterprises to make legal money and metamorphose society as a whole. Opponents say lock up drug dealers, but we are running out of room in our prisons. Its time to put in away drug dealers source of income and force government to address the underlying poverty in our country among minorities and the uneducated.      Legalization is not a cure all but it does allow us to address many of the problems associated with drug use, and those created by drug prohibition. The time has come for an effective and realistic drug policy. Its time to take a look at legalization, end the war on drugs, and approach it from a point of what is best for society as a whole.

Consumerism and Materialism in America Essay -- possesive, arrogant, s

The economy is a truly fragile thing however it can have an massive impact on people. Americans especially are affected because they are so greedy, they always want more. Because Americans are very materialistic, they can become overly compulsory and possessive since they are used to getting their way, on account of having money.Some people are never satisfied with what they have they are always on the lookout for more money and more possessions. Man requires food, shelter, clothing and fuel everything else is superfluous. Luxuries lead to things like materialism and greed. People need to realize that everyone is the alike(p) on the inside. Our ancestors didnt have technology or a ton of money and they somehow survived. For the improvement of ages have had just little influence on the demand laws of mans existence as our skeletons, probably, are not to be distinguished from those of our ancestors. (Thoreau) Thoreau knew what most people today dont, that we are all the same no m atter how much money we have. Greediness can lead to negative characteristics such as gluttony and wastefulness. Our time on Earth is very limited we do not have time to waste on materialism and greediness. We must focus on improving ourselves and our country. In Thoreaus Economy, he compares greedy humans to being cooked because they are heated by their unnecessary materials. The luxuriously rich are not simply kept comfortably warm, but unnaturally hot as I implied before, they are cooked, of course la mode. (Thoreau). People are constantly striving to have more than what they have. ...the need to go forward up have long been part of American culture. (Schor) The need to have the newest and latest gadgets is very strong in Americans. Produc... ...position. Bedford/St. Martins, 1991. 421-430.Gailbraith, John Kenneth. The Dependence Effect. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The wrangle of Composition. Bedford/St.Martins, 1958. 478-481.Rose, Phyllis. Shopping and Other Spiritual Adventures in America Today. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The linguistic communication of Composition. Bedford/St. Martins, 1984. 482-484.Schor, Juliet. The New Consumerism. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Compositon. Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 487-489.Smith, Joan. Shop-Happy. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 490-494.Thoreau, Henry David. Economy. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martins, 1854. 474-477.

Consumerism and Materialism in America Essay -- possesive, arrogant, s

The economy is a very fragile thing however it foundation have an enormous impact on people. Americans especially ar affected because they atomic number 18 so greedy, they always want to a greater extent. Because Americans are very materialistic, they can hold out overly arrogant and possessive since they are used to getting their way, on account of having money.Some people are never satisfied with what they have they are always on the lookout for more money and more possessions. Man requires food, shelter, clothing and fuel everything else is superfluous. Luxuries lead to things like materialism and greed. People need to urinate that everyone is the same on the inside. Our ancestors didnt have technology or a ton of money and they somehow survived. For the improvement of ages have had but little entrance on the essential laws of mans existence as our skeletons, probably, are not to be distinguished from those of our ancestors. (Thoreau) Thoreau knew what most people today dont , that we are all the same no matter how much money we have. Greediness can lead to negative characteristics such as gluttony and wastefulness. Our time on Earth is very limited we do not have time to waste on materialism and greediness. We must focus on improving ourselves and our country. In Thoreaus Economy, he compares greedy humans to being cooked because they are heated by their unnecessary materials. The luxuriously rich are not simply unbroken comfortably warm, but unnaturally hot as I implied before, they are cooked, of course la mode. (Thoreau). People are constantly striving to have more than what they have. ...the need to keep up have long been part of American culture. (Schor) The need to have the newest and latest gadgets is very strong in Americans. Produc... ...position. Bedford/St. Martins, 1991. 421-430.Gailbraith, John Kenneth. The dependency Effect. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St.Martins, 1958. 4 78-481.Rose, Phyllis. Shopping and Other Spiritual Adventures in America Today. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martins, 1984. 482-484.Schor, Juliet. The New Consumerism. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Compositon. Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 487-489.Smith, Joan. Shop-Happy. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 490-494.Thoreau, enthalpy David. Economy. Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martins, 1854. 474-477.

Aging in Society

Exam 2 * Question 6 * The Sandwich times is where umpteen sympathize withgivers are taking care of an elderly parent, while at the same time caring for their own children, and just abouttimes holding down a full-time job. As a concerned social proletarian the suggestion of better social support assistance I would suggest is a apprised nurse that stays with the elder person to help with mobility as well as actual personal needs if needed. The nurse would have to stay for at least a half a day whether it is the contractning of the day or the end of the day. Most elders require pedestal care rather than lieu health care, so obtaining home care would be my focus.Obtaining home care can be tricky but the suggestions for my ideas would be as followed so that this person could receive the best possible results that require the most attention. Me being the social worker would have to de destinationine the needs of the elder person, interview and selecting caregivers, create a writt en contract to insure the following care is provided, following a activity log, Supervision, communication and problem-solving, social security and insurance coverage. For many, the handling of long term care has minor financial impacts.For others, the impact of long term care use can be catastrophic. It can cause the depletion of lifetime savings, dramatically sheer ones standard of living, or force someone to purchase little care than they need. Economic considerations also sometimes force people to enter a treat home even though they would rather be home, just because it is easier to qualify for Medicaid coverage in a nursing home than at home. * In the cosmos of the elderly, ethical issues have an even greater significance because they usually involve an elder who is likely to be more vulnerable that the average adult.For that reason, in many ways the elderly are taken advantage of by people in whom they have mis shoesd their trust. For the elderly, ethics is about how they want to be do by and allowed to net their own decisions. For family members as caregivers, ethics is about doing what is right even when no one is looking. The financial effects of long term care use are different and vary according to the type of services used such as the extended time of care, and the level of financial resources available to dedicate for care.Depending on the interaction of these variables a individuals long term care use can have little or no impact, very small impact, or a horrible consequences * Question 7 Whether we want to or not, each of us will die someday. And with every year we only get senior(a) and as we get older there will be more and more problems with health. As you get older if I were a healthcare master key I would insist that at whenever there is a moment something does not feel right or there is pain. That person should contact their doctor and make an appointment, only because the situation will only get worse.Many elderly, because they have been dealing with a life threatening illness, will know that the end is coming. Helping patients and their families in their adjustment to the reality of a person about to die or one with an acute illness is an important part of planning ahead and to begin if they have not to change their living arrangements. I get intot think it would be good for an elderly person to live alone. But some elderly persons are stubborn and choose not to have help. This could hinder them if they had been having very bad pain or felt something was wrong and never got it check out.The situation could get worse and the possibility of someone not getting to that person in time. Measures to help the elderly in the aging in place would be to send a nurse to go maybe three days a week for a couple of hours every day. These workers would try to advise and educate patients and their families during the patients illness or aging so that all the family is on the same page. This would allow patients to be a bit more at peace and have some dignity with the presence and support of their families.Because the care of the patient is provided at home, often with the involvement of family members, home care is less expensive than care in a hospital or skilled nursing facility. Medicare covers many of the direct patient services provided in a home care setting, including durable medical equipment, pharmaceutical costs and medical care provided by physicians, nurses, therapists, home health aides, chaplains and social workers. Persons receiving Medicare should look for a Medicare-certified home care programs. Question 8I think hiring contingency workers is a good thing because maybe if a permanent worker took off for a week the temporary worker could fill in. It also depends on the company, if their under staffed and absolutely need the job through hiring a temp would benefit. The downfall would be if they need something strenuously done that only the permanent worker can perform, it might ta ke too much time to teach the things that need to be done to the temp worker. I believe if the temp does a good job this could possibly give that person a opportunity of employment.Temps typically are the first to return to the oeuvre after a downturn because employers uncertain about the pace of recovery can release them at the slightest hint of economic weakness without major reasoned or financial consequences. Desperate job-seekers may prefer temporary work to no work at all, and temporary jobs can turn into permanent positions. The advantages of a permanent worker are steady income, health insurance, paid vacations, dental insurance, paid vacations, 401 k plan, personal days and sick days.The disadvantages for contingency worker is discredit pay, costly health care, no invitation to formal events for the company, no sick days, no paid vacation, no pay on holidays, no job security and no retirement savings The economic consequences can be significant. The prevalence of tempora ry workers can keep a lid on wages for everyone. Since they often dont get benefits and cant depend on their positions to last very long, temporary workers may be less willing to spend money, creating a drag on the recovery. A less stable workforce further exaggerates the divide between the haves and the have-nots.

The Crying of Lot 49 – the Mystery of Trystero

Thomas Pynchons young The Crying of Lot 49 is his second romance, and its his shortest novel, and many notwithstanding consider it more of an experimantal novel. This novel is a circle a woman named Oedipa Maas and her quest for the cloistered behind a surreptitious and a shadowy organization kn deliver as Trystero ( it is to a fault approximatelytimes spelled as Tristero ). This novel was written in 1960s which was a precise turbulent time in the history of the United States. Many things happened during this period, many of them had a dramatic influencce on the lives of the ordinary concourse. During this period, the world witnessed the assassination of J.F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, there was also the rise in the rights women and Civil Rights movement. This was also a time of the so c either(a)(prenominal)ed medicate culture, for the abuse of drugs was very common. The novel shows us this world as a world that is constantly high, constantly on drugs and drunk, fil led with incomprehensibles, information from questionable sources and secret identites. The subject of this paper is the secret society and an organization known as Trystero and their secret underground war against United States governing and the authorised state ventureal musical arrangement.Before we move on to the story of the novel, we must first remind ourselves of the postmodernist novel and what constitutes a postmodern literature. Postmodern literature, as postmodernism as a whole, is very hard to shape for there be no standards for it nor are there any founding fathers, writers who set the standards for it. We could say that postmodern literature is a continuation of the experimantation started by the modernist writers and authors and their usage of fragmentation, paradox, questionable authors, etc and it is also a reaction against the enlighment ideas set by modernist literature.As it was menti one and only(a)d, postmodern literature is very hard to define and many tied(p) say that is no longer exists, also hard to determine. However, many authors and literary critics agree on common themes that occur in postmodern literature, themese that are almost always present in these passs and that are always grouped together in order to create irony, humour or to dupery something.These themes are however not always used all the postmodern authors, so they nominate not be called standard postmodern themes, still they occcur most commonly. Thomas Pynchon and his novel The Crying of Lot 49 are an example of postmodern writing, for Pynchon always uses parody, paranoia, behavefulness and black humour in his works, and this work is also filled with these themes. Postmodern authors, Pynchon among them, usually treat serious themes and subjects in a humorous and funny manner. Pynchon does that in this novel.In The Crying of Lot 49, Pynchon deals with a serious topic about lives of people in a modern consumer America, about secrets and mysterious organiz ations, secret identities and also how information can influence our thoughts and even confuse and disturb us, but he approached all of that in a humorous and a funny way. This novel is a sort of a parody of a detective novel. This is because in actual detective novels, the hero starts to solve the mystery starting from conglomerate and numerous clues, from a, we could say, chaos of information and draws a shutdown which leads to the lawfulness behind the mystery and reveals the bad guy.In this novel however, we have Oedipa who opens a mailbox to get the letter and discovers that she has a bank line to do, pretty simplex really, but as the novel progresses, her life and task become more complicated and complicated, she learns about the Trystero and her ex-boyfri terminations job and business undertakings but instead of making things clear, instead of solving the mystery of the Trystero, she became even more confused than she was when she first found out about them, so much con fused that she almost mazed her mind and started to think if it all was nothing more than a job, created by her deceased ex-boyfriend or even maybe this was all just the work of her own imagination.This novel also has paranoia present in itself, Oedipa becomes paranoid about the world and the people around herself, but she is not the only one really. Almost all characters are paranoid, and the existence of the Trystero is more than enough to create a paranoid world. What also makes this novel postmodern is the usage of wordplay. Pynchon plays with words, names of the people, like Pierce Inverarity, mike Fallopian, Stanley koteks, Oedipa Maas, with the names of the towns like San Narciso and we also have the wordplay with words like waste which is turned here in this novel into an acronym W. A. S. T. E. and KCUF radio station. What also makes this novel postmodern is that we have unreliable narrator.Oedipa Maas is the main protagonist of this story, but we see the action of the n ovel only as she does and we know what we know, no more no less, and she is almost always drunk or on drugs, just like all other characters that appear in the novel. We can say that this novel also combines elements of both modern and postmodern novels, because the relation between these two genres is often connected because they share both similarities and differences. Oedipa Maas is the heroine, a modernist heroine who is trapped in a postmodern world. Her quest is not only to discover the death of Mr Inverarity and of the Tristero, but also to discover her inner self and her inner soul.She meets people who can be considered as lost causes, but Pynchon sees them as someone really worth fighting for as they have shown the real self-discovery. We could say that this is the novel of the character development, a bildungs roman, for Oedipa develops her character, no matter how confused she is in the end, she becomes stronger and more determined to discover the real truth, no matter how weird and confusing that truth really is. She continues and carries on even though her quest is a lost cause. However, Pynchon also uses his postmodern novel in order to criticize the modernist vision of the world by showing us a society that filled with discarded objects and discarded people.The most obvious example of this is the acronym WASTE, which becomes a central theme in the novel, but will scold about it later in the paper. There are also discarded people who formed secret underground groups and societies as a response to various forms of rejection by their society. For example we have IA group, created by a man who swore off savor after his wife cheated on him, The Alameda County Death Club and the calamus Pinguids, a group of people who are against industrial capitalism etc. As it was stated in the beginning, the subject of this paper is the mysterious Trystero organization. This novel is a bout a world, a world that seems to be constantly on drugs or drunk.We could t hink that this is the world that many people try to get outdoor(a) from, attempt to vanish from it, for in this novel Oedipa meets various people who just want to be left alone, forgotten perhaps. We see people who have not rebelled against the government and they are not the deserters, they have just chose to leave, to hide and stay hidden. Oedipa sees this as their first real independent choice, a choice they have all make away from the press, the government and its institutions. They dont use official state institutions, in this case the official postal system of the United States. This is the world of secrets and hidden identities, and of course secret societies, underground organizations, like Trystero is. What is this Trystero? Who are they? What is their goal? Their mission and agenda?Oedipa wants to find out just that, who they are and what they want, but unfortunately all she accomplishes is to end up completely baffled by everything and everyone she meets. As it was ment ioned in the previous paragraph, she does not give up and is determined to continue with her search. Trystero represents this main prognosis of underground and of hide away from the government and the world. We as readers of this novel know about Trystero as much as Oedipa does and we also in the end, as she does, end up confused and baffled if all of this was actually real or was it all just her imagination or a bad joke. The bulk of the moderate is spent following Oedipa as she tries to track down what exactly the Trystero is.She stumbles upon this one night when she and Metzger are at The Scope, a club frequented by Yoyodyne employees, a enormous defense contractor for the military in the area. While in the ladies room Oedipa notices the following written near a drawing of a low-keyed motor horn Interested in sophisticated fun? You, hubby, girl friends. The more the merrier. Get in touch with Kirby, with WASTE only, Box 7391, L. A. 1 The book hence follows a play-within-a -play format when Oedipa watches a play called The Couriers Tragedy which puts into some context the history between Tristero and Thurn And Taxis, the latter being a real mail distribution company throughout Europe for many centuries. It is from this play that Oedipa learns about the history of Trystero.According to the story, Trystero was defeated by Thurn and Taxis in the 1700. and since then it has been hiding and went underground. This Trystero now exists, or at to the lowest degree it appears to exist, or maybe not, as a secret society that is completely separated from the United States government and the official postal service. Oedipa even believes that Trystero battled with Pony Express and United States postal Service over the control of information flow. However, this battle seems to go on, between Tristero and US Postal Service. Tristero is the sign of the underground here in the novel and they are present as an invisible force with a hidden agenda and goals.Their symbo l is a muted post horn which is the first thing Oedipa sees of the Tristero in a club mentioned early and their way of communicating and transfering of information is through the WASTE system which uses clever disguises their way of transferring information, a kind of parody to the official postal service, is by using waste-bins as their post-boxes. Thomas Pynchon does a very good job in making us believe that this society indeed really exists, but he also confuses by putting various names, most of them of people who are actually not so important for the story of the novel, but he does manage to create and illusion of a faction. The most important start out of the novel is the reproduction of the manufactureal Jacobean Drama known as The Couriers Tragedy.This play is where Oedipa first hear the name Tristero and of their struggle with Thurn and Taxis. This play provides us with the first account of the Tristero, but it is their symbol that really draws our attention. We will now discuss the symbols of Tristero, for they are the key to understanding it, or at least trying ot understand the story behind them. These include the muted post horn and WASTE system. We will begin with the first symbol that Oedipa comes in accomplish with and tha th is the muted post horn. Oedipa first sees this symbol in the bathroom of a club The Scope, as a part of a small message, more like an add. Fro mthat moment she will see this symbol everywhere she goes.Genghis Cohen will show her the post horn tha ris hidden in a certain mildew collection that was I nthe possession of her late ex-boyfriend, mr Inverarity. Later she will see the same symbol being scribbled on paper by a technician in Yoyodine building, Stanley Koteks. Oedipa even sees it when children draw it in the park and play a game in which they mention Tristero. This post horn, as Oedipa finds out from Cohen, was a symbol of Thurn and Taxis. Their symbol is a post horn, while Tristero uses a muted post horn, proba bly as a way to mock them. Tristero, as it is given, fought against Thurn and Taxis and lost the battle. Tristero went into the hiding and managed t oreach United States somewhere arund 1853. nd fought the Pony Express and Wells, Fargo, and their agents were always either dressed as outlaws in black or as indians, Oedipa manages to recover a ring fro man old man, Mr. Thoth, who lives in a retirement home bulit by Pierce Inverarity. He tells her that this ring, which has the muted post horn engraved on it, was given to him by his grandfather who got it from an indian he killed. However, at one time, Oedipa met a man who wore a pin with the muted post horn What if I told you, she adressed the owner of the pin, that I was an agent of Thurn and Taxis? What, he answered, some theatrical agency? 2 Here we have a different story about the filiation of the muted post horn.According to his story, this is a symbol of Inamorati Anonymus, a group of people who forsook love, which they see as the worst addiction of all. The creator of the organziation and of the symbol was a Yoyodine executive, who found the Inamorati Anonymus after finding out that his wife was cheating on him. This leads us back to point when Oedipa saw for the first time the muted post horn as a part of the advertisement for this organization, which makes us believe if Tristero really is real or just an organization of people who have forsook love and make sure that no one else ever falls in love are using secretive methods to communicate with each other.Another diagnostic of this novel, and another symbol of the Trystero, is the so called WASTE. This can stand as an acronym which means We Await Silent Trystero Empire, which is always written on regular waste bins. This can also stand for a secret undergrounf information network that is used by people who forsook their own lives and chosen t olive I nsecrecy and away form the government. There are even corporations who refuse to use the official p ostal system, like Yoyodine, and there is also an organization known as Peter Penguid Society, of which Mike Fallopian is the member, who oppose the monopoly of the US Postal Service and are using their own private system.This is a system of information transfer that is used by those who want to remain hidden, secret, and there are signs that Tristero is the runner of it. They use waste bins and their postman, or couriers,are bums and other social missfits. Inamorati Anonymus is the organiztion that openly uses the WASTE system for their communication. These two symbols, the muted post horn and the WASTE system, give us and Oedipa clues about Tristero but the lalso confuse us, brcause as we learn about their connectionwith Tristero, we also learn their other meanings and that they are being used by some other ynderground isoalted groups and organizations. After all this confusion, Oedipa returns to the Jacobean Drama, where she first heard the word Tristero.She comes in contact with Emory Bortz, a proffesor at San Narciso College, for the information about the play itself, especially the Tristero version of the play. Unfortunately, the only person who knew the real story about the play was Driblette, who directed the play Oedipa saw, and he commited a suicide. As we draw near to the end of the novel, we see that Oedipa discovers a great deal of diachronic Tristero, about its origins. She discovers that it was created around 1577, I nthe Netherlands. After William of Orange achieved independence from Spain and the Holy Roman empire, he replaced the people who were in control of the Thurn and Taxis and Leopold Is rule, and in their place put a man named Jan Hinckard.However, Hinckard was challenged by his cousin-german Hernando Joaquin de Tristero y Calavera. Tristero fought a guerilla war against Hinckard from 1578. until 1583. Tristero gives up the fighting and sets up a covert system. However, Oedipa finds out that during 17th Century, Thurn and Taxis strug gle to maintain their system ,and this may mena that Tristero was very effective during that time and period. Tristeros presence as the black coated bandits was confirmed by Proffesor Bortz wh ogave her a book An Account of the Singular Peregrinations of Dr. Diocletian Blobb. Dr. Blobb survived one of their attacks with him being captured by them and sent back to England in order t otell everyone of the power of Tristero.Oedipa in the end managed t odiscover a great deal of historical information about the Tristero, but this did not satisfy her because she still did not know why Driblette mentioned the Tristero in his work, when in the original work there is no mentioning of them at all. Wheteher this is true or not, Oedipa tells everything to Mike Fallopian back at the Scope, where she first saw the muted post horn. Fallopian, after hearing her story and her findings, asks Oedipa if she ever considered the chess opening that this may all had been a joke orchestrated by Pierce Inve rarity. She did consider this, but refuses to think like that anymore. Later she goes back and again searches through all of the Pierces possesions and finds out that Pierce had presence in all the places and had inlfuence on all the people she met.He owned Zapfs utilize Bookstore, where she bought her copy of the Jacobean drama, he also owned the Tank Theater, where she saw Driblettes production of The Couriers Tragedy. Proffesor Bortz works at San Narciso College, which was founded by Pierce himself, and even blobbs Peregrinations were bought at Zapfs Used Bookstore. Thisl eads her to believe that Fallopian may be right, that all of this was nothing more than joke, a gag produced by Pierce himself. The ending of the novel also does not help us, for it is open ended. Oedipa goes to an auction of Peirces stamp collection, which is under the name Lot 49, but that is where it all ends. In a conclusion, we are left confused whether this was all real.Pynchon did a great job of providin g the information about the historical founding of the Tristero, but he also filled his novel with other information, all of it made up, even the historical. Instead of finding answers, we find more and more questions. The Crying of Lot 49 shows a fragmented world in which there are always more alternatives, in this world information leads to more information which create more questions and answers. This leads people, like Oedipa in this case, to create various alternate interpretations just in order to create some sort of the bigger picture onto which they will sustenance to. This entire Tristero conspiracy may have been a joke or a paranoid creation by Oedipa herself, or maybe there is truth behind it all. We will never know.We do know, that there are secret organizations who uses secret and undercover means of communicating, there are people who have secret identities, who seek truth somewhere else. We all live in the world filled with information and symbols and who knows, mayb e there is a secret undercover conspiracy by a secret postal system who wants t obring down the monopol of the governments postal system. Personally, I find this novel to be very interesting because it deals with a mystery and search for the truth. When I read it, I found it hard t ounderstand it in the end, whether this is all true, if there really is Tristero, or maybe this was all just a paranoid dream by Oedipa or maybe even a possibilty that this was all a bad joke by Pierce with Oedipa as its target.Whatever the truth is, we will never really know, for the novel has the open ending, but all quests, all attempts to find some sort of truth end up like that with more questions than answers and with multiple interpretations of evidence and information. End Notes 1. Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49, First perennial fiction library edition, 1986. Pg. 52 2. ibid. , Pg. 111 Bibliography www. wikipedia. org www. sparknotes. com http//www. examiner. com/x-13462-West-Palm-Beach-Lite rature-Examinery2009m7d19-Modernism-v-Postmodernism-part-one-The-Crying-of-Lot-49 http//cl49. pynchonwiki. com/wiki/index. php? title=The_Crying_of_Lot_49 Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49, First perennial fiction library edition, 1986

How Television Shapes Our Mind Essay

The television has ignored rendition and consequently inhibits the growth of reading skills. Watching TV requires less kind effort than reading. Television makes things tangible, while reading demands symbolic representation of language. While television maximizes the use of saliency(bright colors, loud noise, zoom) that appeals more to the right-brain hemisphere, reading depends on the sympathizeing of sentence structure and the relatively slower, sequential processing of information-the of the left-hemisphere.There is an alarming increase in cases of dyslexia-the inability to read. checking is a laborious depute compared to watching TV. Recognizing the differences in letters, cartel to words, distinguishing the order, comprehending the sentence, connecting to the next one etc. If a kid is raised on a TV diet, who finds reading or schooling attractive? Children who never pick up to process language without pictures attached will have difficulty in school. Furthermore, writ ing ability correlates positively with the number of books read.TV viewing diminishes the quality of intellectual takings (Source Philippine Daily Inquirer May 21, 2000)Questions based on the above paragraphs must have been formulated in mind after the survey. Write your questions that variegate as to 5 Ws and H. The first sample question is already provided.1. What two ideas are contrasted in the first paragraph?2. How does television displace the reading and communication skills?3. What are the advantage and disadvantage of television in reading and communications skills?4. Why reading is become a laborious task compared to watching TV?5. How watching TV requires less mental effort than reading?6. Why television viewing diminishes the quality of intellectual output?Read the two excerpts now completely, and highlight key ideas. Write below five important concepts in the left column then, describe each briefly in the right column.Highlighted IdeasBrief description1. TV makes thing s tangible while reading.Through television we can easily see things we want to know while reading needs deep rendering on what we are reading to comprehend it.2. Reading is a laborious.When we read, it requires time and effort to understand it compared when we are watching, it is easy to understand because we can visualize the idea.3. TV viewing diminishes the quality of intellectual output. It means that by TV viewing it decreases the quality of learning and skills to be developed. In increase it weakens the mental abilities of a person to continue on the quest of learning.4. Writing ability correlates positively with the number of books read. As long as the person understand what he is reading he can come up on writing a purposeful piece that will benefit readers5. Watching TV requires less mental effort than readingIt is a mere fact because the aid of TV viewing it provides definite description of the characters and other things by its feature, color, dynamic, audio-associated and the like, thus it results on negligence to explore and strengthen the true essence of learning.6. An alarming increase in cases of dyslexia-the inability to read. Children who expose more on learning with watching TV had difficulties in oral and reading communication because they are more known with visual presentation.

Emotionally Focused Therapy Essay

To love and be loved in return is essential for an individuals happiness. In accordance with many otherwise aspects of life, marital status as been linked to influencing ones life in a positive way making it happier (Stack, Eshleman, 527). The problem with this is that non all marriages stay level-headed and good. With divorce rates raging from 40%-50% in the United States, there ends up being a gap in the happiness of many (Marriage and Divorce, 1). 1 path that some pairs choose is couples therapy. Unfortunately, generalized couples therapy cigarette be tricky in the way that there is not enough empirical data and it proves knotty for a therapist to know what to do, when to do it, or how to do it properly.As Greenman and Johnson point out, seek done in the past 30 years would designate that between 25%-30% of couples who receive therapy do not demonstrate signifi preemptt improvement and that there are substantial rates of relapse (close to 40%) among those who do (Greenman, Johnson, 46). This being said, they continue on to talk about an exception to this rule. It is an experiential-humanistic, systemic intervention that has plenty of empirical support and linked evidence between leaf node outcome and the therapy process. This intervention is called Emotionally-Focused Therapy (EFT).To introduce this type of therapy is it important to know about Attachment Theory. This theory was developed in great part by a British psychiatrist named John Bowlby in the 1950s (Peterson, 258). This theory has since been studied vigorously using the Strange Situation technique, which measures infant-parent attachment. It entrust observe infants reactions to their mothers leaving, and as well as to their return. What has been piece is that children at a very young age develop one of three possible attachment styles. The first of the possibilities is to become securely attached. This is the case for around 70% of children (Peterson, 258). When the mother leaves the r oom, the infants will become upset, but upon her return the infant will reach out insome positive way including smiling, touching, or speaking to the mother.The second outcome is known as Avoidant (about 20%) (Peterson, 258). In this case, the child will not become upset when the mother leaves, or will the child show enthusiasm when the mother returns. The third possibility is called Ambivalent (about 20%) (Peterson, 258). These children will cry when their mother leaves, and will not be soothe when she returns. In some cases, the child will actually punish the mother for leaving in the first enter. These different outcomes have been linked directly to how a mother interacts with her infant. If the mother is affectionate and caring, the children will a great deal develop secure attachments. On the other hand, if the mother is rejecting and judgmental, this could result in the child being ambivalent or avoidant (Peterson, 258).The importance of Attachment Theory is the fact that d ata shows these attachments, developed in infancy, can stay with an individual through and throughout the rest of their lives. Avoidant and ambivalent children often grow up to be less sociable than securely attached children. Once these children grow into adulthood, their attachment stops being to their parents or caregivers and are replaced by romantic partners (Peterson, 50). It is common that someone who grew up being avoidant or ambivalent may find it hard to draw out their basic emotional needs to another(prenominal) individual.It is also common that marital problems can come down to a lack of positive communication. Being critical, defensive or stonewalling, which is often the case with spate unable to express themselves, can absolutely effect a marriage negatively (Stack, Eshleman, 528). If a married couple find they are struggling through their marriage, it could be possible that one or both of them were not securely attached in infancy. This is where Emotionally-Focused Therapy can aid importantly to a couple.With around 40% of children growing up either avoidant or ambivalently attached, it is not surprising that divorce rates are as high as they are (Peterson, 260). In addition, with standardised couples therapy not being as successful as one would hope, Emotionally-Focused Therapy is a refreshing, and supported way to get the help many couples may need. Peterson defines EFT as, An approach for profligate couples based on attachment theory thatdirectly teaches a more-flexible approach to the expression and satisfaction of needs (Peterson, 272). The goal of this technique is to be able to aerate and receive accurate affective messages with their partner which helps each of them achieve the comfort and connection they desire. This therapy is separated into 3 stages, with different sets of therapeutic goals for each.The first stage of EFT is called round of drinks De-Escalation (Greenman, Johnson, 47) . This is where the couple can identify the main difficulties in their marriage and begin to understand their problem-cycle. This can often include loneliness, dejection or the fear that that can be associated with not being close and connected to their spouse. This is often when attachment styles are most notable. The second stage involves two main ideas being, Withdrawer Re-engagement and Blamer Softening (Greenman, Johnson, 47). This is a very important stage because it involves restructuring the way the couple interact with each other.The therapist will use many different methods including reflections, enactments, and empathetic restatements to guide the conversation. It is also important in this stage that the individuals turn to one another and portray their true affect. The therapist will help to teach them to control their body language, nervus facialis expressions, and tone of voice when speaking to each other. After stage two, the couple should be able to provide and ask for comfort from their partner, coming from a place of vulnerability (Greenman, Johnson, 47). In the third stage the therapist will act as a facilitator. The couple will be redirected and asked about major long conflicts they had. They can then incorporate their new way of interacting with each other into their problem cycle, successfully minimizing it (Greenman, Johnson, 48).This form of therapy is important in showing individuals, who may not have ever expressed themselves thoroughly, that it is okay to recognize their need for emotional closeness. It is also important that they are aware of their avoidance toward speaking vulnerably. Once individuals can obtain a safe haven in their relationship and participate in problem solving effectively, most couples have reported a significantly higher satisfaction with themselves and in their marriage (Greenman, Johnson, 50).When learning about Attachment Theory, some may find themselves in the avoidant or ambivalent categories. This can be daunting, due to the fact that these atta chments stay with us throughout our lives. It is discouraging to look into the future and assume you will still not be able to express yourself to your loved ones, and all of this because we did not become securely attached in infancy? This hardly seems fair. Emotionally-Focused Therapy gives an opportunity to those, who perhaps have never been in a secure relationship, to express themselves securely. It allows them the opportunity to build on their relationships in a healthy, productive way. Also allowing them the weight lifting feeling of being vulnerable, heard, and responded to with positivity.Work CitedGreenman, P., & Johnson, S. (2013). Process Research on Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for Couples Linking Theory to Practice. Family Process, 52, 46-61. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http//web.b.ebscohost.com.dml.regis.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=552d7eaa-fd7a-47e1-85e2-1e0eeb60ec88sessionmgr115&vid=3&hid=110Marriage and Divorce. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http//www.apa.org/topics/divorce/Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. Oxford Oxford University Press.Stack, S., & Eshleman, R. (1998). Marital Status and joy A 17-Nation Study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60(2), 527-538. (Stack, Eshleman, 527)

Irregular warfare / future war Essay

The Pentagons New Map is a groundbreaking bestseller of doubting doubting Thomas Barnett, which became one of the almost talked-about paroles of the 2004 year. It combined economic, political, and trade protection factors to provide a fundamental re-examination of war and peace in the stick on-9/11. Also its compelling vision of the future. It consists of preface, 8 chapters and acknowl adjoinments. This writing is devoted to how Mr. Barnett sees the global trade protection landscape and is built on the whole works of Fukuyama, Huntington and Friedman.In this countersign author describes recent U. S.strategy and discusses where army forces will likely be heading in the near future. Barnett states I found myself instinctively exploring the blood line in the midst of war and peace, locating it first in U. S. armament crisis responses and then Americas foreign aid, and finally focusing on its leading edge the spread of the global economy itself (p. 5). This book testifys a in the altogether version of national hostage for the twenty-first century, makes important suggestions to the Government on actions the America should take, and theorizes what could make pass in the next 50 years concerning the global landscape.The author of the book outlines the crucial role the United States needs to play in establishing international stability. Thomas P. M. Barnett, enlist for Action A Future Worth Creating (New York, NY Berkley Books, 2005). This book is a sequel to Barnetts The Pentagons New Map. The first book dealt with the ancient and Blueprint for Action A Future Worth Creating is a futuristic romp with the next 25 years. It consists of preface, 5 chapters, conclusion and afterwards. First chapter preceded by the glossary of key terms.From Chapter 1, What the World Needs Now, Blueprint for Action is an exploration of a trio-tiered argument concerning system and individual struggle to understand the furrow amid war and peace. If the first book was compelling vision of the future, now soldiery analyst Barnett presents his vision of the future. Careers will be made and lost, industries will heave and fall, and waging peace will finally prioritized over waging war (p. 2). He explores both the huge- and short-term pathways for governments, institutions, and individuals.Paying particular attention to regions as Iran, Iraq, and the Middle East, China, North Korea he outlines the strategies to pursue, the entities to create, the pitfalls to overcome. His favorite concept is the theory of anti-access. Author states that instead of focusing on classified black project to facilitate the Leviathans lofty ambitions, the Pentagon conducts secret negotiation with allies on how they might better shoulder the SysAdmins many burdens (p. 2). The battle space is Leviathan and SysAdmin takes over in transition and peace, also considered the areas of everything else.So Blueprint for Action is something like a road map through a chaotic and un certain innovation to a future worth creating. Joseph R. Cerami, Richard A. Chilcoat, and Patrick B. Baetjer, eds. The Future of transatlantic Security Relations (Carlisle Barracks, PA strategic Studies get of the U. S. Army War College, 2006). This writing is a compilation of reports and materials from the conference about the future of transatlantic credentials relations hold on March 8, 2006, Annenberg Presidential Conference Center in College Station in Texas.Materials of the conference was edited by Richard A. (Dick) Chilcoat (Dean, Bush naturalise of Government and Public Service) and Joseph Cerami (Director, Public Service Leadership Program, Bush School of Government and Public Service) as members of the Executive Committee. The book consists of introduction preceded by a preface and a letter from President, 4 chapters (panels). After the main text go extra materials list of underwritees, remarks, conference papers, biographies and sponsor information.The purpose of the conference was to examine the future of the NATO. Conference panels examined U. S. and European foreign policies and the potential for forging a new consensus on U. S. and European foreign policy and military strategy. Dr. Steinberg stated that The obstruction remains that the United States and Europe do not have a sense of a compelling need for cooperation, thus even the smallest differences tend to start out them (p. 14). It is needed to prove a deeper understanding of key security issues facing the U.S. and Europe at this critical time. James S. Corum, Training Indigenous Forces in peace A Tale of Two Insurgencies (Carlisle Barracks, PA Strategic Studies Institute of the U. S. Army War College, 2006). Book by James Corum tales about training native police and military forces for pacification campaigns. The book consists of introduction preceded by a foreword, summary, biographical sketch of the author. After introduction go case make Cyprus, case study Malaya, conclusi on and recommendations.Author states that While every insurgency has its unique aspects, there are also helping that often are repeated in early(a) insurgencies. This conclusion onwarders a few general insights to help understand the nature of counterinsurgency operations, as tumefy as some specific recommendations to change U. S. military doctrine and policy for training indigenous police and military forces in counterinsurgency(p. 34). This monograph aims to help fill the information gap about how indigenous security forces should be trained for counterinsurgency.Corum outlines the level of training which security forces need to conduct effective counterinsurgency operations, defines the role of the police in counterinsurgency, and discovers the role of irregular security organizations. Besides this the author tells about different training programs for producing effective military leaders. Martin train Crevald, The Transformation of War (New York, NY The Free Press, 1991). I sraeli military historian new wave Creveld advances a new understanding of the ends and means of war in his book The transformation of war.There were perhaps 160 armed conflicts around the world since the end of WWII. Those conflicts were not global. Therefore author speaks about low-intensity conflict (LIC) which is the true nature of contemporary war. Its principal characteristics are as follows First, they tend to unfold in less developed parts of the world. Second, very rarely do they involve regular armies on both sides, though often it is a head word of regulars on one side fighting guerrillas, terrorists, even civilians, including women and children, on the other.Third, most LICs do not rely primarily on the advancednology collective weapons that are the self-complacency and joy of any modern armed force (p. 42). Israeli historian states that existing of empires made impossible for the subjects to take the conflict to the heart of the empire. Van Creveld compares clashes between Hindus and Muslims in 1947-49, Nigerian Civil War from 1966 to 1969, Vietnamese conflict analyses conflicts which taking place in the Sri Lanka, Iraq, Kurdistan, Sudan, Angola and half a dozen other countries. Book of Van Creveld answer a question what war is today.Thomas A. Dempsey, Counterterrorism in African Failed States Challenges and Potential Solutions (Carlisle Barracks, PA Strategic Studies Institute of the U. S. Army War College, 2006). The book of Thomas Dempsey examines terzetto failed states in Sub-Saharan Africa Somalia, Liberia, and Sierra Leone to give an outline of the terrorist groups operating there. Counterterrorism in African Failed States consists of introduction preceded by a foreword, summary, biographical sketch of the author. then go defining state failure, case study methodology.Dempsey states that criminalization and disintegration of administrative structure of the failed state, collapse of public security forces provide advantageous circumsta nces for terrorists. The author focuses on the current the characteristics of a network of terroristic organizations and covers up two very different types of cells terrorist nodes and terrorist hubs. Hubs provide centralized direction and communication linkages among nodes that are deconcentrate and largely, if not entirely, independent of all(prenominal) other (p. 6). Research reveals presence of both types of cells in those states.To fight with terrorist groups operating from failed states Dempsey suggests new strategy that combines both military and truth enforcement efforts, supported by intelligence capabilities and intelligence-led policing. Thomas X. Hammes, The Sling and the Stone On War in the 21st Century (St. Paul, MN Zenith Press, 2006). Colonel Thomas X. Hammes contends that American military forces are engaging in a fourth generation of warfare, which he labels 4GW (Fourth Generation Warfare) throughout The Sling and the Stone On War in the 21st Century.Thats the o nly kind of war America has ever lost. First generation of war, Hammes sees, was conflicts of Napoleonic era, the second generation was World War I, and the ordinal generation was World War II, focuses on examples of the evolution of 4GW. In the writing are analysed conflicts in Afghanistan, Vietnam and Iraq. And a new, forth, form of warfare directly attacks the minds of enemy last makers to destroy the enemys political will (p. 11). Hammes contends Mao Tse-tung was the first who started a new form of war and Vietnamese general Vo Nguyen Giap have been influenced by Mao.The main authors concept is that expanding of 4GW encouraged the fact that only unconventional warfare works against established powers (p. 103). The author asserts that current concentration on advanced technology is incorrect because the wars are long term struggles that will be won or lost primarily with human skills and knowledge (p. 14), because high-tech weapons have a little meaning when the enemy has a dif ferent concept of conflict. Samuel P. Huntingdon, The Clash of Civilizations and the make over of the World Order (New York, NY Simon & Schuster, 1996). In The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order Samuel P.Huntington suggests a new view international political theory, contending that in modern world the most important distinctions among peoples are cultural, scarcely not political or ideological. While nation states will remain the principal units of analysis in international affairs, their behavior will be shaped most decisively not by the pursuit of power and wealth (as realism suggests), scarce by cultural preferences, commonalities, and differences (p. 21). The author argues civilization divides people of the same race, but at the same time people of different races are united by the same civilization.Huntington understands religion as a central uniting characteristic of civilizations. The global dynamic will be one of the civilizational fault lines along wh ich civilizational blocs would engage each other. According to an author view civilizations clash because conflict is naturally prevalent in the international system. Therefore there are two levels of conflict between civilizations micro-level (conflicts between adjoining states from different civilizations) and at macro-level (conflicts occur between major(ip) states of different civilizations).But to achieve cultural cohesion every civilization should develop its values, institutions and culture. Mark D. Mandeles, The Future of War Organizations as Weapons (Dulles, VA Potomac Books, Inc. , 2005). Mark D. Mandeles analyses major post-9/11 military events in his book to make consideration about future of warfare. The book consists of seven chapters. Its main root is influence of organization upon military operations, and Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) plays centrally into it. A qualitative improvement in weapons transforms the character of warfare.Mandeles states that milita ry organizations will have to adapt in fundamental ways to seize the advantages offered by technological superiority, seeking optimum utilization of technology. But the optimum utilization can occur only through optimum organization. Author insists on relationship between the difficulties of coordinating large organizations composed of many people and offices having specialized roles, and the challenges of calculation, attention, and memory that face individuals making decisions with poor or ambiguous information under short deadlines or stressful situations (p 3).The Future of War gives information how command and control should be organized in the context of the changing new technology. Jerry Mander and capital of Seychelles Tauli-Corpuz, eds. picture Wars Indigenous Peoples Resistance to Globalization (San Francisco, CA Sierra Club Books, 2006). Paradigm Wars is an anthology, edited by Jerry Mander and Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, which is dedicated to modern international relations. In this book twenty-seven intellectuals tell about globalization and how native peoples resist to it, about economic institutions and the indigenous nations. It records examples of how indigenous communities have used the global economy to create sustainable industry (such as ecotourist programs by communities in Belize and Australia), the role played by American Indians in a safer energy future and how the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund struggle for resources (wood, genetic materials, oil) situated on the native peoples lands.Paradigm Wars details impacts of extractive industries and bioprospecting on the environment, damage done by conservation groups. It gives information about degrading of cultural artifacts and languages and how indigenous communities protect their sovereignties as no company is more directly impacted by globalization than 350 million indigenous peoples. Anthology assures us that indigenous nations continue to resist against the New World order. Michael McClintoc, Instruments of Statecraft U. S. rebel Warfare, Counter-insurgency, and Counter-terrorism, 1940-1990 (New York, NY Pantheon Books, 1992). The book of Michael McClintoc is a study of how the U. S military applied special-warfare doctrine in third world nations. Scope of the book consists of introduction, 18 chapters divided to three parts and an epilogue. McClintoc tells about unconventional warfare, which in fact is state supported terrorism waged against ideological adversaries, from the Truman administration up to the recent war in the Iranian Gulf.The author gives an expose of the dark side of American foreign policy, narrates about using of terroristic activities (torture, kidnapping, sabotage and assassination) to overthrow the foreign governments. The writing provides interesting facts for example that CIA helped to develop the infrastructure for state terrorism that appeared in Latin America during the 60s. It examinates tactical roots of U. S policy from the pronouncements of Clausewitz and Raymond Aron, to its ideological basis in the Monroe Doctrine and Woodrow Wilsons post-colonialist crusade.And its continued nowadays. Michael McClintoc states that special operations in the new world order would have a new range of objectives, with their missionsand pretextsadjusted to the end of the dusty War. The new missions, such as drug enforcement, will provide a vehicle for continuing some of the old missions that persist from the Cold War and the counterinsurgency era. Steven Metz and Raymond A. Millen, Future War/Future Battlespace The Strategic Role of American Landpower (Carlisle Barracks, PA Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, 2003). In monograph by Steven Metz and Raymond A. Millen, authors examine new trends in the strategic environment in their development in a future war. They outline tremendous challenges in war fighting in the post 9-11 era and insist on the need that U. S. Landpower should adapt to new type of conflict. As transformation must continuously develop new operational and strategic concepts, educate soldiers and officers to implement them, and develop organizations and technologies to ensure they function (p. x).To make that adaptation real, the monograph gives a scope of what will be the shape and characteristics of the future international security environment, responds characteristics of the future battlefield, and outlines the potential or probable roles and missions of the Army. After transformation the Army is vital to the type of strategy that would best promote American interests over the long term (p. 33). Williamson Murray, ed. National Security Challenges for the 21st Century (Carlisle Barracks, PA Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, 2003). An anthology edited by Williamson Murray consists of reports written by officers who participated in the Advanced Strategic Art Program (ASAP) during their year at the U. S. Army W ar College. ASAP is a course instructing in theater strategy. Essays included in this volume provide insights into challenges facing the defense establishment in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century in the post 9-11 era.In the foreword of the anthology Murray states that America needs officers who possess a deep understanding of the difficulties involved in the use of force in the international arena as well as understand the complex chores involved in the political and strategic challenges confronted by the United States(p. 1). So the authors speaking about present army problems address such issues as the development of officers carrier and make predictions about how could be combined tactical and operational excellence with intellectual curio in their careers (p.15).Williamson Murray, ed. A Nation at War in an Era of Strategic Change (Carlisle Barracks, PA Strategic Studies Institute of the U. S. Army War College, 2004). This book is a compilation of essays, ed ited by Williamson Murray, written by the students enrolled in the Army War Colleges Advanced Strategic Art Program (ASAP). It consists of 14 essays preceded by a foreword and an introduction. The authors give coverage to some issues connected with transforming the U. S. Army to engaging in active combat operations associated against terrorists.The main theme of the anthology is lessons of Iraq conflict. Dr. Murray states in foreword that the victory over Saddam Husseins forces underlined that the fundamental nature of war is not going to change, because of the technological monism of American forces has sooner simply foundered on the realities of the battlefields in Iraq (p. 2). The editor observes that the conflict also suggests that the American military needs to think in a more holistic panache about the conduct of war at the operational level (p.3).The authors of the compilation provide thorough examination of the lessons from the battlefield, outline the U. S. national strate gies, rise up the problem questions and offer ways to resolve. The final conclusions of the compilation states The United States needs to focus on learning the right lessons from its past conflicts by examining not only what went right, but also by examining what went wrong and what adjustments potential adversaries have made as a result of U. S.actions (p. 361). Henry E. Sokolski, ed. Taming the Next Set of Strategic Weapons Sets (Carlisle Barracks, PA Strategic Studies Institute of the U. S. Army War College, 2006). This volume edited by Henry Sokolski features research the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center commissioned. It consists of 9 chapters divided into three sections, preceded by an introduction. The book starts with the statement that nowadays nuclear technologies have become much more difficult to control.Attempts to develop a legally binding inspections protocol to the Biological Weapons Convention were recently rejected by U. S. officials as being inadequate to catch serious violators while being prone to set off false alarms against perfectly innocent actors. Therefore the anthology is designed to illustrate what might happen if these emerging threats go unattended and how best to mitigate them. Patrick Clawson of the Washington Institute makes clear the issue of further proliferation is Iran in Chapter 2, Proliferation in the Middle East Who is Next after Iran? By the end of the chapter Sokolski argues that the greatest security danger renew strategic arms proliferation presents is not the increased chance of nuclear theft or terrorism (p. 6). The book explains how the United States and other advanced states might divide unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) services and turn-key missile systems rather than handing over the means for their production. Strobe Talbott and Nayan Chanda, eds. The Age of Terror America and the World After September 11 (New York, NY Basic Books, 2001).The Age of Terror America and the World After September 11 was written just a few months after the terrorist attacks. But each of the eight chapters provide critical analyses of the American and international developments and events that are as helpful in explaining 9/11. The authors of the book placed events of September 11 into play up political and historical contexts. The post-cold war era began with the collapse of one structure, the Berlin wall on November 9,1989, and ended with the collapse of another, the World Trade Centers couple up towers on September 11 (p.3).Ideas shared by Strobe Talbott and Nayan Chanda compose serious discourse about American post-9/11 policies. The authors states that Americans were not responsible for the off-white Harbour, but they would have been irresponsible in the extreme if they had not, as a consequence of that attack, dramatically altered their policies(p. 5). And the crucial conclusion which is drawn in the book is that the geographical position and the military power of the U. S. are no longer suf ficient to ensure its security.

Themes of Modern Terrorism Bakunin’s God and the State

Mohit Mulani Prof. James Gilligan 22/12/12 God and the State The idea of malign terrorism is funda workforcet whollyy rooted in an extremist interpretation of religion enabled and to a great extent encouraged by priests and political figures. To examine this most with university extension to historical situations and ideas, we merchant ship apply the nonions bought forward by the Russian 19th century philosopher and nihilist Bakunin in his seminal book, God and State. In the book, doctinaires argon critiqued preferably heavily for their relentless imposition of impr phone numberical ideals upon the existence. With regards to the, Bakunin states, They ar so jealous of the honor of their God and of the triumph of their idea that they put up no pump left for the liberty or the dignity or even the sufferings of living men, of real men. Divine zeal, preoccupation with the idea, finally dry up the tenderest souls, the most feel for hearts, the sources of human love. God & the S tate, 65) Comparing these 19th century doctinaires with modern day terrorists we see a group of pile so fattenly enthralled by the superiority of their belief systems that they are to a greater extent than than willing to compromise the lives of non-believers to persuade others. This follows in the line of a traditional process that requires the destruction and absolute overhaul of a current system and its institutions in order for a new one to establish itself and thrive.Referred to in the line, Every development necessarily implies a negation, the idea is the buns of aggressive and violent terrorism globally (God & the State, 9). The September 11th attacks for instance were planned to include bombings of the Pentagon and White House, both symbolic locations representing the centers of western sandwich imperialism and sources of resentment for the jihadis. This is especially important given how modern day authors, journalists and thinkers have emphasized the peaceful nature of Islam when interpreted by its scriptures. Looking at the sheer rankment and ascendance of terrorist rganizations, it seems as though the hyper-violent aspect of this otherwise peaceful religion moldiness have fig upn from an understanding of this dogma. There must prevail the idea that with out(p) the destruction of authentic reviled Western ideals, their preferred value systems micklenot be secured across the world. Another aspect bought up in Bakunins statement about doctrinaires was the erasure of love and sympathy towards the victims of terrorist acts. The perpetrators here have been blinded by the aggressive, nationalistic rivalry between ideologies towards the pain and suffering of others.In some matters, the real or imagined suffering of their own people, often at the transfer of the West is used as a tool to harden their emotional facilities towards demonized groups of people. Several recruitment communications and propaganda display in explicit detail the torturin g practices, prison camp conditions and drone attacks the Western nations have inflicted upon suspected terrorists. This intensifies the unbridled hatred that ultimately fuels the metaphorical terror machine-churning out thousands of graduates armed with suicide vests and devastating ideals that they wish to impose upon the world.An important point here is that the origin of such behaviour isnt singularly caused by hate or resentment it is rather the amalgamation of several factors including socio-political ones that in their totality get to this belligerent section of the world. Bakunin speaks of, the self-coloured register of humanity, intellectual and object lesson, political and social, existence but a reflection of its frugal hi chronicle (God & the State, 9). The fiscal nature of countries and their people often have direct consequences on the views and positions adopted by them.The effect of poverty on the terrorist world-view most directly bum be two fold. In the fi rst case, people join jihadist factions for direct monetary recompense to themselves or their family a significant factor in desperately poor nations and villages. An instance of this was seen after the Mumbai train bombings of 2008 in which the prime suspect Ajmal Kassab confessed to expecting approximately US$3,352 after succeeding in his mission. According to law of nature sources, he was unaware of any Islamic tenets or verses from the Quran but had a virulent message to send nonetheless.The other effect of a poor economic state is an increased susceptibility to false priests and their version of religion. Lower socio-economic groups when faced with inconsequential lives resort to belief systems that give them allay, solace and often a smack of superiority with respect to ideology held. This often translates to more suicide bombers by means of greater anticipation for the afterlife. A fair amount of terrorists that go onto coif suicide missions do so after comparing their c urrent lives with the ones they expect to lead in heaven or jannah.They see poverty, distress, debt and suffering as something they can leave behind to reach a land of fountains, gardens, angels and virgins if they do the right thing. Here is where opportunistic priests and politicians swoop in employing, base and criminal means to hold back the nations in perpetual slavery. (God & the State, 11) These self-proclaimed, guardians and the fathers of the people, clearly do not have their best interests at heart and see them rather as tools by which they can succeed their respective political and religious agendas.A preacher who sermonizes on the value of taking lives, leveling cities and particularly in Iran- the use of nuclear weapons, cannot possibly be representing to the people any interpretation of religious texts. Instead of per degreeing his duties as the spiritual head of a community, he uses incendiary rhetoric to stir people who are repeatedly manipulated by their governme nts into believing serious propaganda against Western nations. Bakunin expresses particular outrage at such figures referring to their acts as, this crime of treason against humanity committed daily, in all-inclusive day, over the whole surface of the civilized world. This is interesting mostly because it alters our perspective on ideas of terrorism and makes us look intensely at what goes into the formation of one. As a global community, we express daily outrage when acts of terror be they car bombings, hijackings, kidnappings and murders occur. Caught up in these, it gets difficult to see the simultaneous crime being carried out throughout large tracts of the midsection East where the populace is taxonomicalally denied a real education in lieu of religious madrasas and indoctrination.Though vastly different, we can examine Bakunins analysis of 19th century education and modern day madrasas. Such are the absurd tales that are told and the monstrous doctrines that are taught, in the ample light of the nineteenth century, in all the public schools of Europe, at the express command of the government. They call this civilizing the people Is it not plain that all these governments are systematic poisoners, interested stupefies of the masses? ( God the State, 11) There is quite certainly a reason for the establishment of such schools.We can posit that due to a certain moral vacuum, created by the influx of Western/European morality which itself was a consequence of the Scientific Revolution, there exists a motive to enforce conservative and restricting moral systems. These motives when taken to their extreme engender resentment towards other forms of thinking and see them as counterproductive or directly hostile to their own. In the case of Islamic theology, the teachings have been co-opted by a small, but active militant and extremist sector.This group opposes in principle all people who do not share their belief systems calling them indicatively non-belie vers, infidels and heretics. Much standardized how in post war Europe this very moral vacuum was filled with branches of Totalitarianism and Fascism, the understructure Middle East has adopted a similarly authoritarian system. This system is firstly authoritarian in the literal sense as most nations like Saudi Arabia have no free press, democratic governments or political parties. Secondly on a more abstract level, its religious tenets when exercised by extremists or the Mutaween are highly prohibitory and insular.An example of this sprung to international attention when in March of 2002, a girls school in Mecca caught on fire. Members of the Mutaween or the religious police were on hand to prevent improperly dressed(p) girls from leaving the burning building. As school was in session with an entirely female population, for the sake of comfort most girls had seen fit to take of their confining abayas and headdresses. When attempting to escape, According to a civil defense officer , the girls were forced to return by use of force.This is one of many examples of religious confinement and how it is inherently parochial and inhibitory. The masses must indeed be stupefied, as Bakunin says if they consider it Gods will that girls burn to death for not being dressed appropriately. Though applicable to a wide range of scenarios, this example gives us insight into the aggressions of terrorist groups. It is clearly not enough that they follow the rigid principles set in the scriptures and interpreted by their mullahs, virtually everyone must do so as well.Some priests go so far as to imply that forcing or converting non-believers to the jihad proffers to them a place in heaven. With this tendency to make the world follow the teachings of Allah, it seems natural that they would resort to the means made popular by tradition and used quite frequently in history for such purposes violence. Bakunin reprimands this agenda harshly in a letter to S. Nechayev You said that all men should be such, that a plump renunciation of self, of all personal wishes, pleasures, feelings affections and ties, should be a normal, natural, everyday condition to everybody without exception.You wished and still with to make your own selfless cruelty, your own truly extreme fanaticism, into a rule of common life. You wish for an absurdity, an impossibility, a total negation of nature, man and society no society however perfect its discipline and however powerful its organization can conquer nature(On Violence, 9). This is precisely what the terrorists seem intent on doing, enforcing by means of violence their trend of life upon the world. The term nature is used here to reference the furtherance and advancement of society, morals and behaviour.The Scientific revolution occurred some 300 years ago and since then we have formulated, developing new systems of morality and use the social sciences to fill in the gaps left by religious dogma. These sciences of the future l ike psychology and sociology are tools we use to fashion a new way of thinking and living(God the State, 61). Though they exist popular and normative definitions of good and evil, we have to a great extent outgrown them as new, more ethically complex situations arise and we approach them differently.Observing moral gray areas that we face everyday like bioethics in legislation for instance gives us an idea as to how we have been forced to evolve our moral ideas to keep up with out lifestyles. Though significant, bioethics is representative of a much larger and more pervasive phenomenon due to which we approach virtually all situations differently. For one, we refrain from moralizing a lot of issues that we would have historically used an ethical framework to describe. Our collective moral psychology as a whole has become more imaginative and we have a much larger scope to use morality in out lives.This broad, nonconservative approach has been interpreted as an empty, decadent and i mmoral (rather ironically) philosophy that is engendered by liberal Western culture and extends through its rather large sphere of influence. This perceived emptiness or moral vacuum is then filled by priests, zealots and a restrictive culture that is almost reactionary in its principles, formed so diametrically opposed to the ones it aims to eliminate. Bakunin explains to Nechayev that disregarding of a particular societys moral system, it is impossible to conquer nature or stop progress.This evolving of moral systems is the progress weve made in a past a couple of(prenominal) centuries and various terrorist movements are largely the backlash experienced as a result of it. The abandonment of traditional value systems is understandably frightening and this very hero-worship has been molded into a consequential, aggressive and parochial movement that uses undiscerning violence to erase centuries of moral advancement and replace it with a very specific, scripture-based morality tha t is tranquilize in its decisiveness.Of note is the attempt made thereafter to brutally enforce this morality upon to world, to ensure that every woman, man and child follows the distinctive set of rules that govern radical Islamic morality. To see how truly regressive such a system is, we can examine the treatment of women in particular. The advance of womens lib, especially at the turn of the century, led a revolution of ideas and social norms. The roles previously dictated by a predominantly patriarchal tradition changed and the restrictions placed on women were more or less eliminated.All terrorist groups share a contempt for womens rights and this can be explained by their aversion to change and the reversal of traditional roles. Though this discomfort with feminism also involves an element of insecurity as male roles in these societies are so dependent and inverse to female roles, it cannot possibly by itself cause men to go around in trucks shooting schoolgirls that require s priestly or political influence. What the terrorists fail to account is the nature of advancement and how it cannot be prevented from happening by drubbing people into submission. Everyday there is resistance in the ranks.Malala Yousafzai, an activist from Pakistan was shot on the 9th of October, 2012 while on a school-bus. This sort of advancement is likely to uphold itself amidst a large portion of the world and even killing everyone who noticeably advocates it will not prevent its growth. In Somalia, at the age of five, Ayaan Hirsi Ali underwent the torturous mathematical operation of female circumcision (of genital mutilation as it is commonly and aptly called). This was one amongst several regressive traditions of her tribe and yet she emerged from the harshest of circumstances as an adamant feminist and disbeliever thinker. Man has emancipated himself he has separated himself from animality and constituted himself a man he has begun his distinctively human history and de velopment by an act of disobedience and science-that is, by rebellion and by view. (God & the State, 12) Herein lies the key to our humanity, the very feature that is being suppressed by terrorists in favor of a more convenient, straightforward and primitive form of thinking. It is inherent in out nature to seek change, to ask questions and to doubt the dogmas we have been handed down.The fact that this leads to a complete social overhaul and the creation of multiple cognitive vacuums does not deter us from repeatedly being skeptical and thinking. The quote raiseed above refers to the Creation story of Genesis which showcases the act of disobedience, questioning of rules and the disastrous results that follow. At the end of it however, as humans we wouldnt have it any other way. Doubting the doctrines we were brought up with reduces the strangle-hold religion has upon out society and the amount of influence clergymen can exert.This is an important motivation for the priests of the Middle East to carry on with their rabble-rousing diatribes. Doing so can maintain the resist vestiges of power they have over people who no longer believe in their divine capacity anymore. By diverting attention from the actual tenets of Islam and livery to the forefront firebrand phrases from other scriptures to spur people on, they engage in self-preservation rather than the progress of the human race. The key to our development has always been in vox populi and rebellion, by preventing it combatively, the terrorists hold back the world nd regress us to an age before we challenged conventions. In another section of the letter to S. Nechayev, Bakunin refers to what he observes as, an frightful lack of critical sense without which it is impossible to evaluate people and situations, and to reconcile means with ends. (On Violence, 9) These shortcomings of Russian nihilistic revolutionaries are now echoed by Islamic terrorists. disdain their explicable beliefs, what is truly ter rifying about them is the raw violence and destruction jihadis seek to force upon the world.Their defensiveness towards tradition and resentment over past wars has been channeled into a form of nondiscriminatory havoc ceases to differentiate between military personnel and innocent citizens. This method is what is somewhat irreconcilable with the, ends it seeks to achieve. Though a destruction of the current system is involve for any meaningful change to occur, it does not have to be gruesome and violent. It is however much harder for priests and politicians to spur their populace on towards peaceful goals than it is to make them favour blind violence.Speaking then about how to deal with an opposing civilization, Bakunin stats, Societies which are inimical or positively harmful must be dissolved, and finally the government must be destroyed. All this cannot be achieved only by propagating the truth cunning, diplomacy and deceit are necessary. (On Violence, 34) Nowhere in the aforeme ntioned advise does he mention violence as a useful way to achieve success. This is particularly important as there hasnt as of yet been a noticeable rebirth to the Islamic cause.Efficacy is a factor that the terrorists seem not to have consider seeking only to assuage their manufactured rage. Hate, the negative side alone, does not create anything, does not even create the power necessary for destruction and thus destroys nothing. (On Violence, 29) When four homegrown terrorists from London attacked the underground system, their primary motive was to penalize their swearing Muslims who had previously suffered as a result of actions undertaken by the Western governments.A large amount of bombings are becoming more about revenge and hatred than truly changing the status quo. This achieves nothing while a great deal is simultaneously sacrificed. Distinct from revenge, another cause for hatred is how the terrorists perceive the world. Bakunin refers to the source of our progress as , Satan, the eternal rebel, the first freethinker and the emancipator of worlds. He makes man ashamed of his bestial ignorance and obedience he emancipates him, stamps upon his brow the seal of liberty and humanity, in branch line him to disobey and eat of the fruit of knowledge. God & the State, 10) It is fair to assume that they see the West and people such as Malala as Satanic and a pestering influence. Both of these try to upend traditional thought and how we think about morality. By objecting to blind deference to a book or set of supposedly divine rules, democracies seek to alter peoples moral psychology. This procedure has seen a backlash even in Western countries themselves in the form of radical Christianity. Ironically though this branch of religion despises Islam and the jihadis, it seeks to achieve incredibly similar goals.Every time a pastor in some midwestern state pushes for the inscription of the Hebrew commandments in front of court-houses, as a species, we take a collective step backwards into the Middle Ages where people believed in a fixed set of dogmas that seemed more interested in who they worshipped than in how they behaved. Similarly with the feminist movements, with the objectives of terrorism being so inherently misogynistic, we risk living in a world where women dont have the civil liberties we spent a good couple of centuries achieving.Though things in the past were straightforward and idealistic, they were also horrendously underdeveloped in modern concepts of liberty, freedom, thought, science and society. returning(a) back to those circumstances involves necessarily having to deal with all its downfalls as well as the clarity of ethics it provides. We do not get to cherry-pick which part of the Middle Ages wed like to being with us into this century as the terrorists have made amply clear.We will need to accept the oppression of women, religious minorities, homosexuals, transgenders and scientific thought as though we were ac tually living in the 16th century. This regression must be avoided at all costs. Thus we come back to the substance of all religionin other words, to the disparagement of humanity for the greater glory of divinity. (God & the State, 37) With this statement Bakunin sums up the thrust of the religious terrorist movements around the world. They seek to avenge a perceived disrespect of a divine being and are willing to kill for it.Though they wouldnt do so spontaneously, this hatred ad murderous soul has to be carefully cultivated from childhood by mullahs and other authoritative sources. These children then become people who are capable of leveling entire buildings for the glory of God whose existence they cannot be sure of and an afterlife they might never get to experience. Such is the power of, collective insanity, that drives a movement like this. (God & the State, 68) Since the 200,000 years weve existed, weve spent quite a lot of it questioning, developing and doubting.Attempts to prevent this are shameful in that they send us hurtling back hundreds of years to less edify times of dogma and religious persecution. Weve outgrown the juvenile need for extremely strict religious guidance and have as a society agreed upon a set of common sense laws that dont vary significantly across national borders. Weve developed social sciences to deal with the moral vacuum left after the removal of dogmas and are can deal with them without resorting to driving airplanes into skyscrapers.The existence of terrorism proves that for every collective step forward we take, there are elements that will be rendered unconnected and have thus felt the need to make the loudest clamor possible. Though we cannot obviously devise a straightforward solution to a complex and vary problem, we can however seek to understand it. Bibliography Bakunin, Mikhail, God and the State. Dover Publications, Inc. , New York. 1970 Bakunin, Mikhail, On Violence-letter to S Nechayev. New York Unity Press, 19